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Hegemony as Rhetoric: Knowledge and Power in Gramsci
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polis. So too the Roman populus, as it assembles in its various
comitia (legislative and elective), embodies the res publica
libera. In both there is a public and open space, at once
political, social and cultural, in which the popular masses are
simultaneously the ground and the motive force for political
action. In both it is the organization and deployment of the
masses (by means of opinion formation) that defines politics.
Writing long after the Roman republic was transformed into the
military dictatorship of the principate, Tacitus comments:
in the disorder and license of the past [that is, the conflict and strife of the republican era] more seemed to be within the reach of the speaker [orator/politician],...hence, speeches of magistrates...who passed nights on the Rostra; hence, prosecutions of influential citizens brought to trial; hence, factions among the nobles, and incessant strife between senate and people. In each case the state was torn asunder, but the eloquence of the age was exercised and, as it seemed, was loaded with great rewards. For the more powerful a man was as a speaker, the more easily did he obtain office, the more influence did he acquire with the leaders of the state, the more weight in the senate, the more notoriety and fame with the people...it was though a disgrace to seem mute and speechless (mutum et elinguim videri deforme habebatur)....[and] even against their own wish they had to show themselves before the people.
55
Such a passage is telling regarding the nature of republican
politics, and it nicely captures the relation between the role
of the popular masses and the struggle for power in republican
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| | Authors: Fontana, Benedetto. |
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polis. So too the Roman populus, as it assembles in its various
comitia (legislative and elective), embodies the res publica
libera. In both there is a public and open space, at once
political, social and cultural, in which the popular masses are
simultaneously the ground and the motive force for political
action. In both it is the organization and deployment of the
masses (by means of opinion formation) that defines politics.
Writing long after the Roman republic was transformed into the
military dictatorship of the principate, Tacitus comments:
in the disorder and license of the past [that is, the conflict and strife of the republican era] more seemed to be within the reach of the speaker [orator/politician],...hence, speeches of magistrates...who passed nights on the Rostra; hence, prosecutions of influential citizens brought to trial; hence, factions among the nobles, and incessant strife between senate and people. In each case the state was torn asunder, but the eloquence of the age was exercised and, as it seemed, was loaded with great rewards. For the more powerful a man was as a speaker, the more easily did he obtain office, the more influence did he acquire with the leaders of the state, the more weight in the senate, the more notoriety and fame with the people...it was though a disgrace to seem mute and speechless (mutum et elinguim videri deforme habebatur)....[and] even against their own wish they had to show themselves before the people.
Such a passage is telling regarding the nature of republican
politics, and it nicely captures the relation between the role
of the popular masses and the struggle for power in republican
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