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Participatory Engineering: Can Democratic Reform Increase Political Participation?
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forms of participation are offset by new forms of political engagement (Skocpol 1999). However, one can hardly disagree with the argument that traditional forms of participation have decreased to significant degrees during the past decades (Stolle and Hooghe 2004). The current perception among political elites is thus not without an empirical basis.
2
For an overview and further references see a listing at the OECD-website under
http://www.oecd.org/document/42/0,2340,en_2649_33707_33617194_1_1_1_1,00.html
.
3
For a more detailed account on different types and measures of direct democracy see Gebhardt
2000, Moeckli 1994, Butler and Ranney 1994.
4
For a further discussion of the concept of transaction costs in microeconomics see especially
Williamson and Masten 1999.
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26
forms of participation are offset by new forms of political engagement (Skocpol 1999). However,
one can hardly disagree with the argument that traditional forms of participation have decreased to
significant degrees during the past decades (Stolle and Hooghe 2004). The current perception
among political elites is thus not without an empirical basis.
2
For an overview and further references see a listing at the OECD-website under
http://www.oecd.org/document/42/0,2340,en_2649_33707_33617194_1_1_1_1,00.html
.
3
For a more detailed account on different types and measures of direct democracy see Gebhardt
2000, Moeckli 1994, Butler and Ranney 1994.
4
For a further discussion of the concept of transaction costs in microeconomics see especially
Williamson and Masten 1999.
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