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administrators and foreign merchants of the towns. There appears to have been only a
small middleclass and the peasantry was ignored.
The English system involved the Norman elite both secular and religious in the
administration of royal government from the beginning. The lower levels of
administration were initially tied to the feudal knights and later as a civil service built up
many of them were drawn from younger sons of this rank. Towns operated under royal
charters and had a certain amount of freedom in their internal governance. The political
community was significant from the beginning and by the thirteenth century was a
significant factor.
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