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Of Citizens, Refugees, Green Cards and Border Guards: Explaining Immigration Flows

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Abstract:

How can democracies respond to cross-border human migration without lowering standards of civil liberties and international norms of human rights? To what degree can advanced industrial states actually control immigration, thereby responding to restrictive public opinion? Scholars of immigration politics are divided about the relative causal impact of “push factors” (conditions in immigrant-sending countries) and “pull factors” (conditions in immigrant-receiving countries) on levels of immigration. Our model tests the impact of both types of factors, arguing that political conditions in immigrant-receiving countries will exert an independent effect on immigrant inflows.
The paper’s primary hypothesis is that institutional factors, by potentially weakening the link between majoritarian/anti-immigrant sentiment and public policy, can explain variation in immigrant inflows. Democracies vary in the extent to which institutions enforce civil liberties and human rights norms, and democracies also vary in the extent to which political parties must depend on business lobbies and other pro-immigration groups for support. The more institutional checks that a given political system places on majoritarianism, the more liberal we expect that system’s immigration policies to be. Drawing alternative hypotheses from a broad range of literature, we also test the impact of government party preferences, political ideology, economics, and push factors (in the form of levels of refugees on the move worldwide).
The paper tests the effect of these explanations on two dependent variables: inflows of foreign workers, and inflows of political asylum-seekers. There is debate in the literature over the degree to which the politics of asylum mirror the politics of immigration in general. We posit that economic factors should exert a larger impact on inflows of foreign workers, while political-institutional factors should exert a larger impact on inflows of asylum-seekers, despite the tendency of publics and the media to conflate the two issues.
Our study links the literature on immigration politics with the literature on political party competition. Many analysts have studied the link between political ideology and immigration, but the independent impact of political institutions has not been adequately tested. Employing time-series, cross-sectional regression analysis, we test this impact against a broad range of other factors, across multiple regions and years. Our data set covers 18 advanced industrial countries, from the late 1980s to the turn of the century, at a time when immigration rose to the top of the political agenda in the industrialized world.

Most Common Document Word Stems:

immigr (177), polit (137), parti (125), polici (80), institut (60), countri (52), inflow (47), asylum (47), factor (42), ideolog (41), data (40), foreign (40), seeker (40), worker (39), govern (36), impact (35), econom (34), 1 (31), model (30), press (27), right (25),

Author's Keywords:

immigration, political asylum, comparative politics, developed countries, political parties
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Name: American Political Science Association
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http://www.apsanet.org


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MLA Citation:

Breunig, Christian. and Luedtke, Adam. "Of Citizens, Refugees, Green Cards and Border Guards: Explaining Immigration Flows" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC, Sep 01, 2005 <Not Available>. 2011-03-14 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40300_index.html>

APA Citation:

Breunig, C. and Luedtke, A. , 2005-09-01 "Of Citizens, Refugees, Green Cards and Border Guards: Explaining Immigration Flows" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC Online <PDF>. 2011-03-14 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40300_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: How can democracies respond to cross-border human migration without lowering standards of civil liberties and international norms of human rights? To what degree can advanced industrial states actually control immigration, thereby responding to restrictive public opinion? Scholars of immigration politics are divided about the relative causal impact of “push factors” (conditions in immigrant-sending countries) and “pull factors” (conditions in immigrant-receiving countries) on levels of immigration. Our model tests the impact of both types of factors, arguing that political conditions in immigrant-receiving countries will exert an independent effect on immigrant inflows.
The paper’s primary hypothesis is that institutional factors, by potentially weakening the link between majoritarian/anti-immigrant sentiment and public policy, can explain variation in immigrant inflows. Democracies vary in the extent to which institutions enforce civil liberties and human rights norms, and democracies also vary in the extent to which political parties must depend on business lobbies and other pro-immigration groups for support. The more institutional checks that a given political system places on majoritarianism, the more liberal we expect that system’s immigration policies to be. Drawing alternative hypotheses from a broad range of literature, we also test the impact of government party preferences, political ideology, economics, and push factors (in the form of levels of refugees on the move worldwide).
The paper tests the effect of these explanations on two dependent variables: inflows of foreign workers, and inflows of political asylum-seekers. There is debate in the literature over the degree to which the politics of asylum mirror the politics of immigration in general. We posit that economic factors should exert a larger impact on inflows of foreign workers, while political-institutional factors should exert a larger impact on inflows of asylum-seekers, despite the tendency of publics and the media to conflate the two issues.
Our study links the literature on immigration politics with the literature on political party competition. Many analysts have studied the link between political ideology and immigration, but the independent impact of political institutions has not been adequately tested. Employing time-series, cross-sectional regression analysis, we test this impact against a broad range of other factors, across multiple regions and years. Our data set covers 18 advanced industrial countries, from the late 1980s to the turn of the century, at a time when immigration rose to the top of the political agenda in the industrialized world.

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Document Type: PDF
Page count: 31
Word count: 8632
Text sample:
Of Citizens Refugees Green Cards and Border Guards: Explaining Immigration Flows Christian Breunig cbreunig@u.washington.edu Adam Luedtke luedtke@u.washington.edu University of Washington Department of Political Science 101 Gowen Hall Box 353530 Seattle WA 98195-3530 Prepared for delivery at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association September 1-4 Washington DC Copyright by the American Political Science Association Panel 11-10: The Political Foundations of Demographic Change 2 Abstract How can democracies respond to cross-border human migration without lowering standards of
in International Migration: SOPEMI (various years). n GPP = ∑ Ti Ci 8 Formally i =1 where: Ti = party i’s decimal share of seats/votes and Ci = party i’s percentage of positive statements about minorities to the total number of policy statements within a party manifesto. Basically the measure corresponds to Cusack’s (1997) notion of center of political n gravity which is CPG = ∑ Ti Ci where: Ti = party i’s decimal share of seats/votes and Ci


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