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Varieties of anti-Americanism: A Framework for Analysis
Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences
Stanford, California 94305
Anti-Americanism has a long historical pedigree, especially in France, where elite
denigration of American precedes the Declaration of Independence.
such sentiment has waxed and waned in various parts of the world. American GI’s were
welcomed widely as liberators of a Europe occupied by Nazi Germany in the 1940s, and
as protectors of a Europe that felt threatened by the Soviet Union in the 1950s. Yet a few
years later “the ugly American” became an object of scorn and derision.
half of the 1960s the U.S. war in Vietnam became a rallying cry for a powerful anti-war
movement that fueled anti-American sentiments especially among Europe’s young. In the
early 1980s that movement sprung again to life as mass protests erupted against NATO’s
missile deployment plans and the military build-up of the Reagan administration. Finally,
as noted in the introduction, on February 15, 2003, an estimated 10-15 million people
marched in Europe and many other cities all over the world, marking the largest recorded,
coordinated demonstration opposing the United States.
This chapter establishes a framework of concepts and questions that are used
throughout this volume to explore the sources and consequences of anti-Americanism.
The conceptualization of anti-Americanism that we offer in Section 1 of this chapter,
which distinguishes among its cognitive, emotional, and normative components, is
1
During the course of the academic year 2004-05 we gave talks based on ideas in this paper, and presented
earlier versions of this paper, repeatedly at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. We
thank our colleagues at the Center, and the other authors of chapters in this volume, for their valuable
suggestions. We also presented versions of this argument to a conference at the Woodrow Wilson
International Center for Scholars, February 15, 2005; at a meeting of the Princeton Project on National
Security, February 17, 2005; at Steven Weber's graduate seminar at the University of California, Berkeley,
on March 23, 2005; and at the University of Southern California on April 28, 2005. Participants at all of
those gatherings made cogent and useful comments. We are particularly grateful for focused oral or written
comments on this paper to Doug McAdam of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences,
Roger Haydon of Cornell University Press, Stephen Krasner of Stanford University, Vinod Aggarwal and
Steven Weber of the University of California, Berkeley, and Yaacov Vertzberger of the East-West Center,
University of Hawaii.
2
Roger 2005.
3
Lederer and Burdick 1958. The title of this book was ironic; "the ugly American" was actually a hero.
But the phrase stuck while the plot of the novel was largely forgotten.
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