48
“…those under 30, nearly two-thirds of whom say they are not even somewhat interested in the Democratic
presidential campaign. Only 15 percent could say which candidate served as an Army general (Wesley K. Clark)
or which one was House minority leader (Richard A. Gephardt). Howard Kurtz, “39% See Bias In Reporting On
Campaign, Nontraditional Media Gain Ground, Poll Finds” The Washington Post Jan. 12, 2003, natl’l ed., A6; “As
the National Conference of State Legislatures recently reported, of this age group [those 24 and under], 8 in 10
knew the cartoon Simpsons resided in Springfield and 64 percent knew Ruben Studdard won “American Idol,”
while only 1 in 10 could pick Dennis Hastert’s name out of a list as Speaker of the House.” Matt Labash, “Panting
After the Youth Vote” The Weekly Standard Nov. 17, 2003: 31.
49
51.21% of eligible citizens voted in the 2000 Presidential election, as reported by the Federal Election
Commission. See
50
Examples include Social Security, unemployment insurance, welfare, and Medicaid.
51
“Despotism often presents itself as the repairer of all the ills suffered, the support of just rights, defender of the
oppressed, and founder of order. Peoples are lulled to sleep by the temporary prosperity it engenders, and when
they do not wake up, they are wretched.” Tocqueville, 240.
52
Orville D. Menard, “The French Army Above the State” Military Affairs 28.3 (Autumn, 1964): 127.
53
Excerpted in part from Richard M. Wrona, Jr., An Army Emasculated: The French Experience After the
Algerian War for Independence, unpublished paper, 12 May 2003, 1.
54
The use of conscripts was allowed in Algeria but not Indochina, because the former was de jure French
territory (as Algeria consisted of two French departments,) while Indochina was a colony. For further
development concerning the political decisions to use conscripts in Algeria, see Alistair Horne, A Savage War of
Peace (New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1977).
55
“’La Patrie has a premier reality to the nation, and more yet to the state, It is first in the ensemble of familiar
things, tied to the natal soil, from which we received life and where we grew up…which fashioned us as a certain
man that one will never cease to be, even when life will have led us far away.’ As for the nation, ‘One has a
Patrie, one makes a Nation. The nation is a community of men, it is a people.’ And last in the hierarchy is the
state, ‘the public power enjoying total juridical autonomy.’” Menard, “The French Army Above the State,” 126.
56
Menard, “The French Army Above the State,” 128.
57
“A study conducted by the Military Sociology Committee of the Ecole superieure de guerre in 1959 disclosed
that the average infantry officer had spent three-quarters of the years between 1946 and 1958 outside of
France.” Orville D. Menard, The Army and the Fifth Republic (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967) 66.
58
The ideological differences were discussed earlier. In terms of geographic separation, compare Menard’s
statistic (concerning French infantry officers’ separation from France) with the following: “The rate of [US military]
overseas deployments has increased more than 300 percent since the fall of the Berlin Wall.” American Military
Culture in the 21
st
Century- A Report of the CSIS International Security Program
Feb. 2000, executive summary.
Available online at
.; “This is the 3
rd
Brigade’s [82
nd
Airborne Division]
second Christmas [consecutively] abroad. Last Christmas, the unit was in the mountains of Afghanistan.” Ariana
Eunjung Cha, “Still Not Home for the Holidays, Brigade in Fallujah Spends Second Christmas at War,” The
Washington Post Dec. 25, 2003, natl ed., A1.
59
41% of American military officers come from the South. Feaver and Kohn, 295. The propensity for enlistment
in the armed services is statistically related to ethnic background, geographic background, and level of
educational attainment. Wilson et al., iii.
60
Feaver and Kohn, 47-63, 84-90; “We Asked. You Answered.” 15; “At my class at Princeton in 1956…out of
750 males, 450 served…last year Princeton graduated three from the ROTC program.” Ryan Vogt, “The
Chronicle Interview: Charles Moskos,” Northwestern Chronicle Oct. 30, 2003, online edition.
61
Colin L. Powell, “U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead” Foreign Affairs 72 (Winter, 1992) 32-45, and “Why Generals
Get Nervous,” The New York Times Oct. 8, 1992, A35, as cited in Feaver and Kohn, 80.
62
Feaver and Kohn, 216.
63
Feaver and Kohn, 80, 121.
64
As an example, see Andrew Bacevich’s interpretation of Colin Powell’s actions before and after Operation
Desert Storm. Bacevich, 50-52.
65
Samuel Huntington, The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1957.)
66
Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971.)
67
Joseph Hoar and Richard Klass, “A Risky Strain on an Overstretched Army,” The Washington Post Oct. 12,
2003, B3.
68
“A man understands the influence which his country’s well-being has on his own; he knows the law allows him
to contribute to the production of this well-being, and he takes an interest in his country’s prosperity, first as a
thing useful to him and then as something he has created.” Tocqueville, 236.
69
Although conscription is usually associated with military service, this misconception could be remedied by a
system that allows for mandatory service in sectors outside of the military, (although not necessarily at the
Convention