Author's Keywords: Social Movement, Okinawa, Military, Military Bases, International Security, East Asian Security	Convention All Academic Convention makes running your annual conference simple and cost effective. It is your online solution for abstract management, peer review, and scheduling for your annual meeting or convention. Submission - Custom fields, multiple submission types, tracks, audio visual, multiple upload formats, automatic conversion to pdf. Review - Peer Review, Bulk reviewer assignment, bulk emails, ranking, z-score statistics, and multiple worksheets! Reports - Many standard and custom reports generated while you wait. Print programs with participant indexes, event grids, and more! Scheduling - Flexible and convenient grid scheduling within rooms and buildings. Conflict checking and advanced filtering. Communication - Bulk email tools to help your administrators send reminders and responses. Use form letters, a message center, and much more! Management - Search tools, duplicate people management, editing tools, submission transfers, many tools to manage a variety of conference management headaches! Click here for more information.
Association: Name: American Political Science Association URL: http://www.apsanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40716_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Kawato, Yuko. "Okinawa's Anti-Base Social Movement in the 1990s: Movement Mechanisms, Countermovement Efforts, and the Policy Outcome" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC, Sep 01, 2005 <Not Available>. 2011-03-14 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40716_index.html>

Kawato, Y. , 2005-09-01 "Okinawa's Anti-Base Social Movement in the 1990s: Movement Mechanisms, Countermovement Efforts, and the Policy Outcome" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC Online <PDF>. 2011-03-14 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40716_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Review Method: Peer Reviewed Abstract: Maintaining military effectiveness through forward deployment is one of the most significant aspects of U.S. strategy to address international security challenges. There are many U.S. military bases abroad, and key policy decisions include base establishment, reduction, and elimination. Determining troop levels and base functions are also important. Furthermore, there are policies on the environment, on military prostitution, and on legal treatment of U.S. soldiers who commit crimes in host states. Which actors create, maintain, and change these policies? When, why, and how do they do so? International relations scholars say that state actors decide what is best for military effectiveness and determine base policies. Alternatively, powerful interest groups that benefit from the military presence may dictate base policies. These explanations, however, leave many empirical puzzles unanswered. One must take into account anti-base social movements’ efforts in changing base policies. I explore some of the main mechanisms through which a movement can make a policy impact. However, there is no guarantee of policy change even if a movement develops many of the mechanisms. Therefore, I also examine factors that limit or block social movement impact on policy outcome. I study the anti-base social movement in Okinawa, Japan, during the 1990s, to demonstrate when, how, and how much impact a social movement has on base policies.

U.S. Military Bases Abroad and Anti-Base Social Movements: Rationalist and Constructivist Explanations for Base Policy Change

State Actor, Class Representative, or Interest Group? Subnational Government Organizations in National Policy Domains