Author's Keywords: civilians, civilian victimization, mass killing, democracy, liberal norms, clash of civilizations	Convention All Academic Convention makes running your annual conference simple and cost effective. It is your online solution for abstract management, peer review, and scheduling for your annual meeting or convention. Submission - Custom fields, multiple submission types, tracks, audio visual, multiple upload formats, automatic conversion to pdf. Review - Peer Review, Bulk reviewer assignment, bulk emails, ranking, z-score statistics, and multiple worksheets! Reports - Many standard and custom reports generated while you wait. Print programs with participant indexes, event grids, and more! Scheduling - Flexible and convenient grid scheduling within rooms and buildings. Conflict checking and advanced filtering. Communication - Bulk email tools to help your administrators send reminders and responses. Use form letters, a message center, and much more! Management - Search tools, duplicate people management, editing tools, submission transfers, many tools to manage a variety of conference management headaches! Click here for more information.
Association: Name: American Political Science Association URL: http://www.apsanet.org
Citation: URL: http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40725_index.html Direct Link: HTML Code:

Downes, Alexander. "War By Other Means: The Fate of Civilians in Armed Conflict" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC, Sep 01, 2005 <Not Available>. 2011-03-14 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40725_index.html>

Downes, A. B. , 2005-09-01 "War By Other Means: The Fate of Civilians in Armed Conflict" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott Wardman Park, Omni Shoreham, Washington Hilton, Washington, DC Online <PDF>. 2011-03-14 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p40725_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Review Method: Peer Reviewed Abstract: This paper seeks to understand why states kill enemy noncombatants in wars with other states. I argue that noncombatants are most likely to be targeted�and high numbers of civilian casualties likely to result�when wars become costly, protracted wars of attrition, on the one hand, or when states bent on conquering enemy territory view the population as presenting a threat to their secure control of that land. Wars of attrition, characterized by static, trench warfare, sieges, or guerrilla resistance by one side tend to devour manpower and take a long time to prosecute to completion. The temptation to strike at an adversary�s civilian population in these circumstances in order to lower its morale or reduce the adversary�s ability to fight often becomes irresistible in order to economize on manpower/equipment losses. Stalemated wars of attrition also trigger escalation to civilian victimization out of a sense of desperation that every possible means must be employed that might lead to victory or avoid defeat. Finally, governments engaged in state-building efforts�involving conquest, annexation, and possible colonization of territory�may victimize groups they believe pose a threat of future insurrection. Statistical analyses of interstate wars since 1815 supports these arguments, and also shows that liberal democracies are not less likely to target civilians or kill fewer of them, whereas clashes of civilizations do not conduce to civilian victimization. Democracies, in fact, may be more likely to target noncombatants in costly wars of attrition.

Killing (Civilians) to Win? Some Preliminary Evidence on the Military Effectiveness of Civilian Victimization in War

You�re Killing Me: State, Federal, and United States Military Death Penalty Schemes