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warrants or individualized suspicion held not to violate
Fourth Amendment.
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
The police "stop and frisk" practice --- necessarily swift
action predicated upon the on-the-spot observations of
the officer on the beat --- cannot be subjected to the
warrant procedure.
U.S. v. Jacobsen (1984)
Warrantless removal and test by federal agent of
powder discovered in damaged package by employees
of freight company held not to violate Fourth
Amendment.
U.S. v. Knotts (1983)
Monitoring beeper signals from radio transmitter that
was placed in container of chloroform, held not to
constitute search or seizure under Fourth Amendment.
U.S. v. Leon (1984)
Evidence obtained in reasonable reliance on defective
search warrant held admissible.
U.S. v. Montoya de Hernandez (1985)
Detention at international border held justified at its
inception if customs agents reasonably suspect that
traveler is smuggling contraband in her alimentary
canal.
U.S. v. Robinson (1973)
General search of a suspect when taken into custody
does not require a warrant.
Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)
School district's policy authorizing urinalysis drug
testing of students who participated in athletics
programs held not to violate Fourth Amendment.
Note: Holdings are adapted from listings in Lexis-Nexis.
Convention