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Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America: Political
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Verba, Sidney, Norman H. Nie and Jae-on Kim. 1978. Participation and Political
Equality: A Seven Nation Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Civic Voluntarism and American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
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Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origin of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Table 1. Means and Standard Deviations of Dependent and Independent Variables
Variable 2000
2004
Dependent Variables
Mean SD Mean SD
Political Interest
74.047
25.202
72.599
25.847
Accuracy of Ideological Perception
70.009
29.543
73.362
24.987
Political Involvement
19.495
18.052
28.709
20.101
Independent Variables
Black
0.115
0.319
0.149
0.356
Low Income
0.569
0.495
0.556
0.497
Recent Migrant
0.281
0.450
0.210
0.407
Weak Partisan
0.390
0.488
0.384
0.487
Campaign Battleground Status
3.273
2.238
3.390
2.550
Battleground x Black
0.328
1.164
0.489
1.542
Battleground x Poor
1.819
2.296
1.882
2.496
Battleground x Weak Partisan
1.310
2.176
1.246
2.216
Size of State Electorate
5082.602
3616.821
5545.343
3954.580
State Income
60001.220
6635.604
66915.840
9290.787
Senate Race in State
0.771
0.420
0.722
0.448
2004 Election Year
0.115
0.319
0.149
0.356
Source: American National Election Studies, 2000, 2004.
Convention