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Campaign Advertising and Democratic Citizenship: Evaluating the Case Against Negative Political Ads
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39
Table 3. Tests of Statistical Significance of Sets of Coefficients
D ependent Variable
A. Approval of Congress
B . Perceptions of
C ongressional Perform ance
C . Feelings Toward R epublican
Leaders in C ongress
D . Feelings Toward D em ocratic
Leaders in C ongress
E. Internal Efficacy
F. External Efficacy
1. Set of C oefficients O perating on Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=5.22, p=.39
F (5, 1102)=0.86, p=.51
P
(5)=8.09, p=.15
P
(5)=5.13., p=.40
P
(5)=2.46, p=.78
P
(5)=13.57*, p=.02
2
2
2
2
2
2. Set of C oefficients O perating on Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=5.64, p=.46
F (6, 1101)=0.71, p=.64
P
(6)=10.84, p=.09
P
(6)=5.75, p=.45
P
(6)=3.16, p=.79
P
(6)=14.16*, p=.03
2
2
2
2
2
3. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions Between Party Identification Strength and Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=3.83, p=.57
F (5, 1096)=1.17, p=.32
P
(5)=4.81, p=.44
P
(5)=1.19, p=.95
P
(5)=1.83, p=.87
P
(5)=3.41, p=.64
2
2
2
2
2
4. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions B etween Party Identification Strength and B oth Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=4.00, p=.68
F (6, 1094)=1.70, p=.12
P
(6)=6.01, p=.42
P
(6)=3.58, p=.73
P
(6)=1.94., p=.93
P
(6)=6.84, p=.34
2
2
2
2
2
5. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions Between Political Knowledge and Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=7.88, p=.16
F (5, 1097)=0.74, p=.59
P
(5)=4.63, p=.46
P
(5)=3.49, p=.63
P
(5)=1.24, p=.94
P
(5) = 0.60, p=.99
2
2
2
2
2
6. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions B etween Political Knowledge and B oth Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=8.16, p=.23
F (6, 1095)=1.06, p=.38
P
(6)=5.11, p=.53
P
(6)=3.84, p=.70
P
(6)=9.69, p=.14
P
(6)=2.31, p=.89
2
2
2
2
2
N otes:
These W ald
P
and F statistics em erge from tests of whether the coefficients in the set are sim ultaneously equal to zero; *p<.05.
2
The control variables in the underlying m odels correspond to the specifications in tables 1 and 2 with the caveat that the m odels assessing the interactions involving party
identification strength also introduce the base party identification strength variable.
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| | Authors: Jackson, Robert., Mondak, Jeffery. and Carmines, Edward. |
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39
Table 3. Tests of Statistical Significance of Sets of Coefficients
D ependent Variable
A. Approval of Congress
B . Perceptions of
C ongressional Perform ance
C . Feelings Toward R epublican
Leaders in C ongress
D . Feelings Toward D em ocratic
Leaders in C ongress
E. Internal Efficacy
F. External Efficacy
1. Set of C oefficients O perating on Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=5.22, p=.39
F (5, 1102)=0.86, p=.51
P
(5)=8.09, p=.15
P
(5)=5.13., p=.40
P
(5)=2.46, p=.78
P
(5)=13.57*, p=.02
2
2
2
2
2
2. Set of C oefficients O perating on Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=5.64, p=.46
F (6, 1101)=0.71, p=.64
P
(6)=10.84, p=.09
P
(6)=5.75, p=.45
P
(6)=3.16, p=.79
P
(6)=14.16*, p=.03
2
2
2
2
2
3. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions Between Party Identification Strength and Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=3.83, p=.57
F (5, 1096)=1.17, p=.32
P
(5)=4.81, p=.44
P
(5)=1.19, p=.95
P
(5)=1.83, p=.87
P
(5)=3.41, p=.64
2
2
2
2
2
4. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions B etween Party Identification Strength and B oth Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=4.00, p=.68
F (6, 1094)=1.70, p=.12
P
(6)=6.01, p=.42
P
(6)=3.58, p=.73
P
(6)=1.94., p=.93
P
(6)=6.84, p=.34
2
2
2
2
2
5. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions Between Political Knowledge and Exposure to Ads by Tone
P
(5)=7.88, p=.16
F (5, 1097)=0.74, p=.59
P
(5)=4.63, p=.46
P
(5)=3.49, p=.63
P
(5)=1.24, p=.94
P
(5) = 0.60, p=.99
2
2
2
2
2
6. Set of C oefficients O perating on M ultiplicative Interactions B etween Political Knowledge and B oth Exposure to Ads by Tone and N egativity
P
(6)=8.16, p=.23
F (6, 1095)=1.06, p=.38
P
(6)=5.11, p=.53
P
(6)=3.84, p=.70
P
(6)=9.69, p=.14
P
(6)=2.31, p=.89
2
2
2
2
2
N otes:
These W ald
P
and F statistics em erge from tests of whether the coefficients in the set are sim ultaneously equal to zero; *p<.05.
2
The control variables in the underlying m odels correspond to the specifications in tables 1 and 2 with the caveat that the m odels assessing the interactions involving party
identification strength also introduce the base party identification strength variable.
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