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Defining Human Rights in Economic Terms: The Role of the IMF and the World Bank in Analyzing the Effects of Globalization on Human Rights.
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30
Mitchell A. Orenstein and Martine R. Hass, “Globalization and the Future of Welfare States in the Post-Communist East-
Central European Countries,” in Miguel Glatzer and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Globalization and the Future of the Welfare State (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005), p. 145.
31
The World Bank, Strengthening Efforts to Reduce Poverty (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989), p. 13.
32
Joslin Landell-Mills, Helping the Poor: the IMF’s New Facilities for Structural Adjustment (Washington, D.C., IMF,
1988)
33
The World Bank, Poverty Reduction and the World Bank: Progress in Fiscal 1994 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank,
1995), p. ix.
34
Caroline M. Robb, Can the Poor Influence Policy?, p. xxvi.
35
Ibid., pp. xxvii-xxix.
36
International Monetary Fund, Social Dimensions of the IMF’s Policy Dialogue (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1995, Pamphlet
Series No. 47), p. 1.
37
Ibid., pp. 6, 7, emphasis in original.
38
The World Bank, Voice for the World’s Poor: Selected Speeches and Writings of World Bank President James D.
Wolfensohn, 1995-2005 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2005), pp. 45, 51.
39
Ibid., p. 51.
40
Ibid., p. 132.
41
Wolfensohn credited this program to his predecessor, Lewis Preston who passed away shortly before Wolfensohn was
nominated to be President of the Bank. Ibid., p. 80. While many countries qualified for debt relief under the HIPC Initiative, debt relief had only been distributed to seven countries by 1999, for a total of $6 billion; therefore, the initiative was broadened to be able to support additional countries and to be able to provide relief earlier. International Monetary Fund, What is the International Monetary Fund? (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2001). For information on how social movements may have influenced this shift at the Fund, see Jan Aart Scholte, “The International Monetary Fund and social movements” in Robert O’Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, and Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 159-205.
42
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2004), p. vii.
43
Ibid., pp. 3-5.
44
Ibid., pp. 2-3.
45
International Monetary Fund, “What is the IMF?”, p. 47.
46
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2004), pp. 14-15.
47
The publication from the IMF is less optimistic, stating that only eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa would likely
achieve the goal of halving income poverty by 2015, and that the human development goals relating to health including child and maternal mortality rates and access to basic sanitation and drinking water had the “gravest” prospects of being met by 2015. Ibid., p. 81.
48
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003, p. vii.
49
Ibid., p. 6, emphasis in original.
50
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility 2003, p. 5.
51
Ibid., p. 11.
52
Ibid., pp. 13-14.
53
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003, p. 11.
54
Ibid., p. 13.
55
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility 2003, p. 3.
56
Ibid., p. 68.
57
Ibid.
58
Ibid., pp. 62, 63.
59
Ibid., p. 69.
60
Caroline M. Robb, Can the Poor Influence Poverty?, p. 5.
61
The World Bank, The World Bank in Action: Stories of Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2002), p. 8. This
is only one example of many in this publication which illustrate the Bank’s involvement with local communities, civil society, and the public sector in many countries around the world.
62
The World Bank, Voice for the World’s Poor: Selected Speeches and Writings of World Bank President James D.
Wolfensohn, 1995-2005, p. 454.
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30
Mitchell A. Orenstein and Martine R. Hass, “Globalization and the Future of Welfare States in the Post-Communist East-
Central European Countries,” in Miguel Glatzer and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Globalization and the Future of the
Welfare State (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005), p. 145.
31
The World Bank, Strengthening Efforts to Reduce Poverty (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989), p. 13.
32
Joslin Landell-Mills, Helping the Poor: the IMF’s New Facilities for Structural Adjustment (Washington, D.C., IMF,
1988)
33
The World Bank, Poverty Reduction and the World Bank: Progress in Fiscal 1994 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank,
1995), p. ix.
34
Caroline M. Robb, Can the Poor Influence Policy?, p. xxvi.
35
Ibid., pp. xxvii-xxix.
36
International Monetary Fund, Social Dimensions of the IMF’s Policy Dialogue (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1995, Pamphlet
Series No. 47), p. 1.
37
Ibid., pp. 6, 7, emphasis in original.
38
The World Bank, Voice for the World’s Poor: Selected Speeches and Writings of World Bank President James D.
Wolfensohn, 1995-2005 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2005), pp. 45, 51.
39
Ibid., p. 51.
40
Ibid., p. 132.
41
Wolfensohn credited this program to his predecessor, Lewis Preston who passed away shortly before Wolfensohn was
nominated to be President of the Bank. Ibid., p. 80. While many countries qualified for debt relief under the HIPC
Initiative, debt relief had only been distributed to seven countries by 1999, for a total of $6 billion; therefore, the initiative
was broadened to be able to support additional countries and to be able to provide relief earlier. International Monetary
Fund, What is the International Monetary Fund? (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2001). For information on how social
movements may have influenced this shift at the Fund, see Jan Aart Scholte, “The International Monetary Fund and social
movements” in Robert O’Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte, and Marc Williams, Contesting Global Governance:
Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 159-
205.
42
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2004), p. vii.
43
Ibid., pp. 3-5.
44
Ibid., pp. 2-3.
45
International Monetary Fund, “What is the IMF?”, p. 47.
46
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2004), pp. 14-15.
47
The publication from the IMF is less optimistic, stating that only eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa would likely
achieve the goal of halving income poverty by 2015, and that the human development goals relating to health including
child and maternal mortality rates and access to basic sanitation and drinking water had the “gravest” prospects of being met
by 2015. Ibid., p. 81.
48
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003, p. vii.
49
Ibid., p. 6, emphasis in original.
50
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility 2003, p. 5.
51
Ibid., p. 11.
52
Ibid., pp. 13-14.
53
The World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department, The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An Independent
Evaluation of the World Bank’s Support Through 2003, p. 11.
54
Ibid., p. 13.
55
International Monetary Fund, Independent Evaluation Office, Evaluation of the IMF’s Role in Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility 2003, p. 3.
56
Ibid., p. 68.
57
Ibid.
58
Ibid., pp. 62, 63.
59
Ibid., p. 69.
60
Caroline M. Robb, Can the Poor Influence Poverty?, p. 5.
61
The World Bank, The World Bank in Action: Stories of Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2002), p. 8. This
is only one example of many in this publication which illustrate the Bank’s involvement with local communities, civil
society, and the public sector in many countries around the world.
62
The World Bank, Voice for the World’s Poor: Selected Speeches and Writings of World Bank President James D.
Wolfensohn, 1995-2005, p. 454.
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