41
End Notes
1
It also worried that “the draft erodes ideals of patriotism and service by alienating many of the young who
bear its burden…The draft undermines identification with society just at the age when young men begin to
assume social responsibilities. It thwarts the natural desire of youths to commit themselves to society”
(31).
2
Their findings are based on the General Social Survey (GSS, conducted by the National Opinion Research
Center at the University of Chicago), specifically those years when the GSS asked about veteran status:
1974-5, 1977-8, 1982-5, and two-thirds of the 1988-91 sample.
3
See also the essays in Dietz, Elkin, and Roumani on “the military as a vehicle for social integration”
overseas and in America.
4
Lovell and Stiehm (1989, 176).
5
As Appy (1993, 95) noted about the Vietnam War era, “even antiwar draftees were frequently struck by
the capacity of basic training to inculcate military values…most men who went through the process felt that
it had changed them, in many cases far more than they had believed possible.”
6
World War II was an exception, as men were drafted well into their early thirties. Such a large number of
men were not required, however, for the Cold War era conflicts.
7
Allsup (1982, 16). He noted that the military did not officially count the number of Latino soldiers. This
figure represents the number of Spanish-surnamed people who serving in the armed forces during World
War II. He also argued that Latinos were disproportionately drafted during World War II because they
were not represented on local draft boards. Gómez-Quiñones (1990) estimated the number at four hundred
thousand.
8
Allsup (1982, 16).
9
More generally, Latinos express higher levels of patriotism than do anglos (de la Garza et al. 1996) and
have won more Congressional Medals of Honor than any other ethnic group.
10
Guzmán (1976, 97).
11
Gonzalez (1947, 4). She further connected Latino loyalty to America with military service by noting
that, “In the first World War, New Mexico had more volunteers per capita than any other state in the
Union. As a matter of fact, New Mexico, as well as Mexican centers all over the Southwest, had so many
volunteers, there were not enough able-bodied men left to fill the draft quotas…” (3-4).
12
See, for example, Morehouse (2000), Purdon (1972), Moore (1996), and Mershon and Schlossman
(1998).
13
Quoted in Appy (1993, 19).
14
For a more detailed discussion of the dynamics reviewed in this section, see Teigen (2005).
15
Latino registered voters were interviewed in California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico,
Arizona, Colorado, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Virginia.
16
The models were also replicated using a dichotomous dependent variable and probit regression with
undecided voters excluded. Both sets of regressions return nearly identical results, but due to sample size
considerations ordered probit results are presented.
17
Although see Leal (1999, 2003).
Convention