Gries / 21
50
Ken Ringle, “You Think You Know What Evil Is, Says Iris Chang. But Nothing Prepared Me for What I
Found,” Newsday, 8 January 1998.
51
Gergen, “The Forgotten Holocaust.”
52
Joshua A. Fogel, “Review: The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II and Japan’s War
Memories: Amnesia or Concealment?,” Journal of Asian Studies 57, no. 3 (1998).
53
Chang goes well beyond established facts when she asserts that Emperor Hirohito was complicit in the
Rape of Nanjing. Although she concedes that it is “impossible today to prove,” she writes, “Unfortunately,
Bergamini’s book was seriously criticized by reputable historians who claimed that he cited sources that
simply did not exist.” Chang nevertheless feels justified in asserting, on the basis of Bergamini’s research,
that Hirohito was “exceptionally pleased” by the massacre. See Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten
Holocaust of World War II, pp. 175-77. Italics added.
54
Thomas J. Scheff, Bloody Revenge: Emotions, Nationalism, and War (Boulder: Westview Press, 1994).
55
On the wave of anti-Japanese sentiment that engulfed China starting in the summer of 2003, see Peter
Hays Gries, “China’s ‘New Thinking on Japan’,” forthcoming, 2005.
56
Jin Hui, Tongwen Cangzang: Rijun Qinhua Baoxing Beiwanglu (Wailing at the Heavens: The Violence of the Japanese
Invasion of China) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenyi chubanshe, 1995), pp. 231, 34.
Convention