47
Table 6: Skill-level, Education, and Immigration Attitudes by Source: Full ESS Sample
High/Low Skill Distinction and Educational
Attainment
Disaggregated Skill Levels and Educational
Attainment
Dependent variable:
Favor Immigration
from…
Richer
European
Poorer
European
Richer
Countries
Outside
Europe
Poorer
Countries
Outside
Europe
Richer
European
Poorer
European
Richer
Countries
Outside
Europe
Poorer
Countries
Outside
Europe
Model No.
1
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
educational attainment
0.046*** 0.047*** 0.048*** 0.049*** 0.042***
0.044*** 0.044*** 0.045***
(0.010) (0.012) (0.008) (0.011)
(0.011) (0.012) (0.009) (0.012)
skill345 0.080***
0.069***
0.075***
0.069***
(0.011)
(0.018)
(0.008)
(0.020)
skill2
0.036
0.007
0.009
0.019
(0.025)
(0.022)
(0.015)
(0.018)
skill3
0.103***
0.065**
0.073***
0.074***
(0.035)
(0.026)
(0.021)
(0.028)
skill4
0.139***
0.103***
0.114***
0.118***
(0.023)
(0.027)
(0.018)
(0.033)
skill5
0.091***
0.064**
0.069***
0.079***
(0.021)
(0.027)
(0.015)
(0.030)
age
-0.001 -0.001** -0.001** -0.002*** -0.001 -0.001** -0.001** -0.002***
(0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)
(0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000)
gender
-0.032***
0.022* -0.013 0.026**
-0.033***
0.021* -0.013 0.026**
(0.010) (0.012) (0.009) (0.011)
(0.010) (0.012) (0.009) (0.011)
income
0.014*** 0.012*** 0.012*** 0.010*** 0.014***
0.012*** 0.012*** 0.010***
(0.003) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
(0.003) (0.004) (0.003) (0.003)
native
-0.029 -0.017 -0.029* -0.005
-0.030 -0.017 -0.029* -0.005
(0.030) (0.021) (0.017) (0.029)
(0.030) (0.021) (0.017) (0.030)
Immigrant
friends 0.064*** 0.100*** 0.067*** 0.103*** 0.064***
0.100*** 0.067*** 0.103***
(0.007) (0.011) (0.008) (0.013)
(0.006) (0.011) (0.008) (0.012)
minority
area
-0.003 0.023** -0.004 0.019** -0.002 0.023** -0.003 0.019**
(0.007) (0.009) (0.006) (0.008)
(0.007) (0.009) (0.006) (0.008)
Partisan
right
-0.005 -0.020***
-0.007*** -0.021*** -0.005 -0.020***
-0.007*** -0.021***
(0.004) (0.008) (0.003) (0.008)
(0.004) (0.008) (0.003) (0.008)
Observations 25155 25290 25100 25191
25155 25290 25100 25191
Log
likelihood
-15365.58 -15281.87 -15710.34 -15531.63 -15352.43 -15276.18 -15703.01 -15523.92
Pseudo
R-squared 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.10
0.08 0.11 0.08 0.10
1. Probit estimations: marginal effects (
∂F/∂x) are shown with standard errors in parentheses. * p<0.10 ** p<0.05 *** p<0.01
Each model includes a full set of country dummies (coefficients not shown here). Cases weighted by DWEIGHT and PWEIGHT. Standard errors
clustered by country
Convention