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Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures, 1977-2002
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Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An
Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures,
1977-2000
Kathryn Dunn Tenpas
James A. McCann
The Weidenbaum Center
Department of Political Science
Campus Box 1027
Purdue University
Washington University in St. Louis
West Lafayette, IN 47907
St.
Louis,
MO
63130-4899
## email not listed ##
## email not listed ##
Prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, September 2-5, 2004. Copyright by the American Political Science Association. Please do not quote without authors’ permission.
Abstract Many presidential observers argue that the modern White House is the site of more-or-less permanent campaigning: high expectations are placed on chief executives, and to be effective, presidents must dedicate a great deal of energy and many resources to mobilizing public support. One indicator of the “permanent campaign” is the degree to which presidents since Ford have commissioned independent opinion polls and focus groups to assist in policymaking and political maneuvering. This paper assesses the “permanence” of the permanent campaign by examining monthly polling expenditures throughout four presidencies (Carter, Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton). We find that for the most part, presidents do not vary significantly in the average amount spent per month. There is, however, considerable variation within presidential administrations; circumstances arise on occasion when much more “campaigning” is necessary. These episodes are not always clearly linked to the electoral calendar and merit further study.
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| | Authors: McCann, Jay. and Tenpas, Kathryn. |
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Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An
Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures,
1977-2000
Kathryn Dunn Tenpas
James A. McCann
The Weidenbaum Center
Department of Political Science
Campus Box 1027
Purdue University
Washington University in St. Louis
West Lafayette, IN 47907
St.
Louis,
MO
63130-4899
## email not listed ##
## email not listed ##
Prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science
Association, Chicago, IL, September 2-5, 2004. Copyright by the American Political
Science Association. Please do not quote without authors’ permission.
Abstract
Many presidential observers argue that the modern White House is the site of more-or-
less permanent campaigning: high expectations are placed on chief executives, and to be
effective, presidents must dedicate a great deal of energy and many resources to
mobilizing public support. One indicator of the “permanent campaign” is the degree to
which presidents since Ford have commissioned independent opinion polls and focus
groups to assist in policymaking and political maneuvering. This paper assesses the
“permanence” of the permanent campaign by examining monthly polling expenditures
throughout four presidencies (Carter, Reagan, G.H.W. Bush, and Clinton). We find that
for the most part, presidents do not vary significantly in the average amount spent per
month. There is, however, considerable variation within presidential administrations;
circumstances arise on occasion when much more “campaigning” is necessary. These
episodes are not always clearly linked to the electoral calendar and merit further study.
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