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Abstract
The present paper proposes new venues for measuring and
conceptualizing levels of competitiveness in electoral autocracies. Instead
of relying on single indicators and predefined thresholds, it classifies a
sample of 58 legislative and 58 presidential elections through the
“inductive” statistical technique of cluster analysis on the basis of
multiple indicators. It mayor findings are three: (a) The association of
freedom and competitiveness is neither lineal nor uniform across the
various indicators of competitiveness. (b) The conceptual distinction
between “competitive” and “hegemonic” autocracies finds a clear
correspondence in empirical cases. Patterns of competitiveness are too
complex, however, to be encapsulated in this simple dichotomy. (c)
Levels of competitiveness may diverge between legislative and
presidential arenas, giving rise to “incongruent” cases of closure in
presidential races and competition in legislative contests.
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