Table 10. The Effect of Spending on the Vote (Panel Study)
_______________________________________________________________________
Coefficient
Standard
Error
Coefficient
Standard
Error
_______________________________________________________________________
Initial preference
1.06***
.10
1.06***
.10
Challenger’s spending per voting-age resident
.54***
.09
.65***
.08
Incumbent’s spending per voting-age resident
.28**
.11
Party identification
.33***
.05
.33***
.05
Presidential vote
1.22***
.11
1.21***
.11
Log of voting age population
.69***
.12
.49***
.09
Constant
-7.60***
1.23
-5.56***
.79
Log likelihood
-609.89
-613.27
Pseudo R
2
.56
.56
Number of cases
2089
2089
_______________________________________________________________________
Note: The dependent variable is 1 if the respondent voted for the challenger, 0 if for the incumbent.
**p<.01; ***p<.001
Figure 13. Challenger Spending and Changes in Senate Vote Preference, Pre- to
Post-Election Wave of Panel Survey
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
Challenger Spending Per Voting-Age Resident
P
e
rc
e
n
t
S
upporting
Cha
l
l
e
nge
r
Initially preferred incumbent
No initial preference
Initially preferred challenger
29