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Election Observers, Election Boycotts, and Competition: Do International Observers Increase the Chances that an Opposition Party Will Boycott the Election?
Unformatted Document Text:  Beaulieu and Hyde 28 References Abbink, Jon and Gerti Hesseling. 2000. Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Beigbeder, Yves. 1994. International Monitoring of Plebiscites, Referenda and National Elections. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers Biezen, Ingrid van. 2000. Party financing in New Democracies: Spain and Portugal. Party Politics, 6.3: 329-342 Boulding, Carew and Susan Hyde. 2004. "Democratization and Foreign Aid: When do Donors Withdraw Aid and Why?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association Portland Marriott Hotel, Portland, OR, 2004-03-11. Bratton, Michael. 1998. Second Elections in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 18-33. Bjornlund, Eric. Forthcoming. Donors, Diplomats and Democracy Inc.: Democracy Promotion and Election Monitoring. Carothers, Thomas. 1997. “The Observers Observed.” Journal of Democracy. 8.3. 17-31. Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. DeNardo, James. 1985. Power in Numbers: The Political Strategy of Protest and Rebellion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Diamond, Larry . 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press Downs, Anthony. 1975. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper. Drake, Paul. 1998. “The International Causes of Democratization, 1974-1990.” In Paul Drake and Matthew McCubbins The Origins of Liberty: Political and Economic Liberalization in the Modern World Princeton: Princeton University Press. 70-91. Epstein, Leon D. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger. Evans, Peter; Harold Jacobson and Robert Putnam. 1993. Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Ferree, Karen and Smita Singh. 1999? "Institutional Change and Economic Performance in Africa, 1970-1995". (forthcoming in CID Working Paper Series) Geisler, Gisela. 1993. “Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and Democratic Standards.” The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31, 4. 613-637. Gibney, Mark and Matt Dalton (1996). in David Louis Cingranelli (ed.) "The Political Terror Scale," Human Rights and Developing Countries (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996) Current data available at http://www.unca.edu/politicalscience/faculty-staff/gibney_docs/pts.xls Gleditsch, Kristian S. (2004) All International Politics is Local: The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Gleditsch, Kristian S. (2002) “Expanded Trade and GDP Data” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46:712-24Version 2.1 available at http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/exptradegdp.html Heston, Alan, Robert Summers and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002. Hibbs, Douglas A. 1973. Mass Political Violence. New York: John Wiley & Sons. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. <www.ifes.org> International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. <www.idea.int.> Keefer, Philip and David Stasavage (2003). "The Limits of Delegation: Veto Players, Central Bank Independence and the Credibility of Monetary Policy." American Political Science Review (August) Keefer, Phillip. 2000. DPI 2000: Database of Political Institutions. World Bank. King, Gary Michael Tomz and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44, 2: 347-61. Keesing’s Record of World Events. London: Longman. Lindberg, Staffan, “When do Opposition Parties Boycott Elections?” presented at CIDE/NED conference, 2-4 April 2004. Available for download at: http://www.svet.lu.se/Staff/Personal_pages/Staffan_lindberg/Staffan_lindberg.html Mainwaring, Scott & Timothy R. Scully. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in

Authors: Hyde, Susan.
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Beaulieu and Hyde 28
References
Abbink, Jon and Gerti Hesseling. 2000. Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: St.
Martin’s Press.
Beigbeder, Yves. 1994. International Monitoring of Plebiscites, Referenda and National Elections. The
Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Biezen, Ingrid van. 2000. Party financing in New Democracies: Spain and Portugal. Party Politics, 6.3: 329-342
Boulding, Carew and Susan Hyde. 2004. "Democratization and Foreign Aid: When do Donors Withdraw Aid and
Why?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association Portland
Marriott Hotel, Portland, OR, 2004-03-11.
Bratton, Michael. 1998. Second Elections in Africa. Journal of Democracy, 18-33.
Bjornlund, Eric. Forthcoming. Donors, Diplomats and Democracy Inc.: Democracy Promotion and Election
Monitoring.
Carothers, Thomas. 1997. “The Observers Observed.” Journal of Democracy. 8.3. 17-31.
Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace.
DeNardo, James. 1985. Power in Numbers: The Political Strategy of Protest and Rebellion. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Diamond, Larry . 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins
University Press
Downs, Anthony. 1975. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper.
Drake, Paul. 1998. “The International Causes of Democratization, 1974-1990.” In Paul Drake and Matthew
McCubbins The Origins of Liberty: Political and Economic Liberalization in the Modern World
Princeton: Princeton University Press. 70-91.
Epstein, Leon D. 1967. Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.
Evans, Peter; Harold Jacobson and Robert Putnam. 1993. Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and
Domestic Politics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Ferree, Karen and Smita Singh. 1999? "Institutional Change and Economic Performance in Africa, 1970-1995".
(forthcoming in CID Working Paper Series)
Geisler, Gisela. 1993. “Fair? What Has Fairness Got to Do with It? Vagaries of Election Observations and
Democratic Standards.” The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31, 4. 613-637.
Gibney, Mark and Matt Dalton (1996). in David Louis Cingranelli (ed.) "The Political Terror
Scale," Human Rights and Developing Countries (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996) Current data available
at http://www.unca.edu/politicalscience/faculty-staff/gibney_docs/pts.xls
Gleditsch, Kristian S. (2004) All International Politics is Local: The Diffusion of Conflict, Integration, and
Democratization. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Gleditsch, Kristian S. (2002) “Expanded Trade and GDP Data” Journal of Conflict Resolution
46:712-24Version 2.1 available at http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/exptradegdp.html
Heston, Alan, Robert Summers and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International
Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002.
Hibbs, Douglas A. 1973. Mass Political Violence. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. <www.ifes.org>
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. <www.idea.int.>
Keefer, Philip and David Stasavage (2003). "The Limits of Delegation: Veto Players, Central Bank Independence
and the Credibility of Monetary Policy." American Political Science Review (August)
Keefer, Phillip. 2000. DPI 2000: Database of Political Institutions. World Bank.
King, Gary Michael Tomz and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses:
Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44, 2: 347-61.
Keesing’s Record of World Events. London: Longman.
Lindberg, Staffan, “When do Opposition Parties Boycott Elections?” presented at CIDE/NED conference, 2-4 April
2004. Available for download at:
http://www.svet.lu.se/Staff/Personal_pages/Staffan_lindberg/Staffan_lindberg.html
Mainwaring, Scott & Timothy R. Scully. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in


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