Institutional layering: Japan
Policymakers accommodate and adapt to the logic of the
system, by adding new institutions rather than dismantling
Layering of a new system into an existing system affects
interests of key actors.
Institutional layering is associated with the situation in wh
contest shifts and new challenges emerge, but main acto
the same.
Given the preexisting players stayed intact (MITI, the rulin
politicians, and industry associations), new policy incorpo
added to the existing SME policy line.
– The 1995 Law (
) assisted the exist
rather than promoted start-ups: “protect the weak.”
– The 1999 Law (
) is a mixing of the Japane
and the SME-assisting policy.