39
1
Quoted in Lesley Abdela, “Women Lose Ground,” The Guardian Unlimited, May 8, 2001. Accessed
Mary 15, 2002; [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4182250,00.html].
2
Line Bareiro and Clyde Soto, eds, Sola No Basta: mecanismos para mejorar la participación política de
las mujeres. Asuncíon, Paraguay: Centro de Documentación y Estudios Area Mujer and Fundación
Friedrich Ebert, 1992, p. 11.
3
For the complete list of countries, see the Quota database
http://www.idea.int/quota/index.cfm.
4
Gobbi, Carina. 1996. Reforma de la constitucíon: una propuesta para la democracia completa: fempress.
5
I borrow the term “contagion effect” from {Matland, 1996 #711}.
6
I develop this argument about women’s shared interest in political inclusion in Baldez, Lisa. 2002. Why
Women Protest: Women's Movements in Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press..
7
The text of the law is available at
http://www.gobernacion.gob.mx/dof/dof_24-06-2002.pdf
.
8
The full text of Article 4 of CEDAW reads: “Article 4. 1. Adoption by States Parties of temporary special
measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women shall not be considered
discrimination as defined in the present Convention, but shall in no way entail as a consequence the
maintenance of unequal or separate standards; these measures shall be discontinued when the objectives of
equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. Available at
http://www.un.org/unifem/cedaw…
9
Poll results reported in {Inter-American Dialogue, 1997 #910}
10
On the other hand, the PRI had no internal elections but still nominated very few female candidates. The
number of women nominated by the PRI put it in ninth place Bruhn, Kathleen. 1997. Taking on Goliath:
The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico. University Park:
Pennsylvania State University Press..
11
Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales, Article 175, Paragraph 3.
12
For polling data, see Domínguez, Jorge I., and James McCann. 1996. Democratizing Mexico: Public
Opinion and Electoral Choices. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. [Camp, page 67].
13
The party also has quotas for young people and indigenous people: the statutes require that one in every
five plurinomial candidates be filled by someone less than thirty years old, and that indigenous people hold
a percentage of seats proportional to their share of the population in each electoral district. The party
statutes are available at www.prd.org.
14
“Las impugnaciones contra el PRD,” La Jornada, September 19, 2002:
www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/sep01/010919/oriente-edit.html.
15
See, for example, “Exigen que el PAN retire propaganda que atenta contra la mujer en Michoacan” La
Jornada, October 24, 2002, www.jornada.unam.mx/2001/oct01/011024/045n2est.html.
16
Interview, Mexico City, 2002.
17
The 13 states are Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Durango, Estado de Mexico,
Oaxaca, Queretaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Tabasco. For a list of the Mexican states with
quota provisions, go to
http://www.laneta.apc.org/genero/cuotas.html
. Quota bills are on the agenda in
several other states and some states have nominal gender provisions that lack enforcement mechanisms
Milenio. 2002. Un voto por la equidad. [cited.. The electoral law in Aguascalientes, for example, states
simply that “political parties will seek greater participation among women and youth in popularly-elected
positions.” See Código Electoral del Estado de Aguascalientes, Article 15. Available at
http://www.congresoags.gob.mx/.
18
The text of the Coahuila electoral law is available at
http://www.congresocoahuila.gob.mx/index.cfm/mod.legislacion_archivo/dir.LeyesEstatalesVigentes/index
.coah
.
19
An action of unconstitutionality is a form of judicial review of the constitutionality of state and federal
laws. See Staton, Jeffrey K. 2002. "Judicial Activism and Public Authority Compliance: The Role of
Public Support in the Mexican Separation of Powers System, Department of Political Science, Washington
University., especially Chapter 4.
20
“No ha lugar proveer de conformidad con su solicitud, pues se haría nugatoria la facultad que la
Constitución confiere a esta Suprema Corte de Justicia, y porque la determinación de considerar si los
articularos a que hace alusión son o no constitucionales, es una cuestión que atane al estudio de fonto del
asunto.”
21
This logic has not extended to issues regarding the representation of indigenous people. President Fox
initiated a law based on the San Andres Accords signed by the government and the Zapatistas, which would
Convention