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APPENDIX
American identity strength: “Do you identify with the American people?” Response
options ranged from 1=not part of the group to 7=very strongly part of the group; “I am a person
who feels strong ties to the American people,” “The world would be a better place if people from
other countries were more like the people in the U.S.,” and “Being an American is important to
the way I think of myself as a person.” Response options ranged from 1=strongly disagree to
5=strongly agree. These variables were transformed to range from 0 to 1 and then I created an
additive scale again transformed to range from 0 to 1 (alpha=.61).
Patriotism: “I feel proud to be an American,” “When someone from another country
criticizes the United States, it doesn’t bother me” (reverse coded), “Generally the U.S. is a better
country than most other countries,” and “I cannot think of another country in which I would
rather live.” Response options ranged from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. An additive
scale was created and transformed to range from 0 to 1 (alpha=.65).
Equality: “If people were treated more equally in this country, we would have many fewer
problems” and “One of the big problems in this country is that we do not give everyone an equal
chance.” Response options ranged from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. An additive
scale was created and transformed to range from 0 to 1 (alpha=.64).
Individualism: “Any person who is willing to work hard has a good chance of
succeeding.” Response options ranged from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. The
variable was transformed to range from 0 to 1.
Homogeneity and Consensus: Similarity – “Americans are similar to each other, sharing
the same values and outlooks.” Response options ranged from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly
Convention