E
LECTORAL
E
NGINEERING
~ C
HAPTER
1 ~ N
ORRIS
8/9/2003
5:09
PM
43
Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment? Princeton: Princeton University Press; see also Russell
J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg. Eds. 2001. Parties without Partisans. New York: Oxford
University Press.
72
G. Bingham Powell. 1986. ‘American Voter Turnout in Comparative Perspective.’ American
Political Science Review. 80(1): 17-43; Robert W.Jackman. 1987. ‘Political institutions and
voter turnout in industrialized democracies.’ American Political Science Review. 81: 405-423;
Robert W. Jackman and Ross A. Miller. 1995. ‘Voter turnout in industrial democracies during
the 1980s.’ Comparative Political Studies. 27: 467:492. Andre Blais and A. Dobrzynska. 1998.
‘Turnout in electoral democracies.’ European Journal of Political Research. 33(2):239-261; A.
Ladner and H. Milner. 1999. ‘Do voters turn out more under proportional than majoritarian
systems? The evidence from Swiss communal elections.’ Electoral Studies 18(2): 235-250.
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See the discussion in André Blais and A. Dobrzynska. 1998. ‘Turnout in electoral
democracies.’ European Journal of Political Research. 33(2):239-261.
74
Pippa Norris. 1985. ‘Women in European Legislative Elites.’ West European Politics 8(4): 90-
101; Wilma Rule. 1987. ‘Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for
Election to Parliament in Twenty-Three Democracies.’ Western Political Quarterly 40: 477-
486; Wilma Rule. 1994. ‘Women's Under-representation and Electoral Systems.’ PS: Political
Science and Politics 4:689-692; Wilma Rule and Joseph Zimmerman, eds. 1994. Electoral
Systems in Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities. Westport:
Greenwood.
75
Arend Lijphart and Bernard Grofman, Eds. 1984. Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and
Alternatives. New York: Praeger; Arend Lijphart. 1984. Democracies. New Haven: Yale
University Press; Arend Lijphart. 1986. ‘Degrees of Proportionality of Proportional
Representation Formulas.’ In Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences. Ed. Bernard
Grofman and Arend Lijphart. New York: Agathon Press; Arend Lijphart. 1991. ‘Constitutional
Choices for New Democracies.’ Journal of Democracy 2:72-84; Arend Lijphart. 1991.
‘Proportional Representation: Double Checking the Evidence.’ Journal of Democracy 2:42-48;
Arend Lijphart. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies,
1945-1990. New York: Oxford University Press; Arend Lijphart. 1995. ‘Electoral Systems.’ In
The Encyclopedia of Democracy, ed. Seymour Martin Lipset. Washington D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly Press; Arend Lijphart. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and
Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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Donald L. Horowitz. 1991. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a
Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press; Ben Reilly. 2001. Democracy in
Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict Management. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
77
See, for example, Bernard Grofman, Sung-Chull Lee, Edwin A. Winckler and Brian Woodall.
Eds. 1997. Elections in Japan, Korea and Taiwan under the Single Non-Transferable Vote: The
Comparative Study of an Embedded Institution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Convention