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Campaign Ads Impact on Voter Certainty and Knowledge of Candidates Ideological Positions
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Enelow, J.M., and M.J. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Erikson, Robert S., and Gerald C. Wright. 1997. “Voters, Candidates, and Issues in Congressional Elections.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Finkel, Steven, and John G. Geer. 1998. “A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising.” American Journal of Political Science. 42: 573-595.
Fischoff, Baruch, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein. 1977. “Knowing with Certainty: The Appropriateness of Extreme Confidence.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 3:552-564.
Franklin, Charles. 1991. “Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Candidates.” American Political Science Review. 85(4):1192-14.
Freedman, Paul, and Ken Goldstein. 1999. “Measuring Media Exposure and the Effects of Negative Campaign Ads.” American Journal of Political Science.43:1189-1208.
Geer, John G. 2000. “Assessing Attack Advertising: A Silver Lining.” In Campaign Reform: Insights and Evidence. Edited by Larry M. Bartels and Lynn Vavreck. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Geer, John G., and James H. Geer. 2003. “Remembering Attack Ads: An Experimental Investigation of Radio.” Political Behavior: 25:69-94.
Goldstein, Ken, and Paul Freedman. 2002. “Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout: New Evidence for a Stimulation Effect.” Journal of Politics. 64: 721-740.
Griffin, Dale, and Amos Tversky. 1992. “The Weighing of Evidence and the Determinants of Confidence.” Cognitive Psychology. 24:411-435.
Hinich, Melvin J., and Michael C. Munger. 1997. Analytical Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Holbrook, Allyson L., Jon. A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, Wendi L.Gardner, & John T. Cacioppo, 2001. “Attitudes toward Presidential Candidates and Political Parties: Initial optimism, Inertial First Impressions, and a Focus on Flaws.” American Journal of Political Science. 45, 930-950.
Husted, Thomas A., Lawrence W. Kenny, Rebecca B. Morton. 1995. "Constituent Errors in Assessing their Senators." Public Choice. 83:251-271.
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29
Enelow, J.M., and M.J. Hinich. 1984. The Spatial Theory of Voting. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Erikson, Robert S., and Gerald C. Wright. 1997. “Voters, Candidates, and Issues in
Congressional Elections.” In Congress Reconsidered, eds. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce
Oppenheimer. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Finkel, Steven, and John G. Geer. 1998. “A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the
Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising.” American Journal of Political Science. 42:
573-595.
Fischoff, Baruch, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein. 1977. “Knowing with Certainty:
The Appropriateness of Extreme Confidence.” Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance. 3:552-564.
Franklin, Charles. 1991. “Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S.
Candidates.” American Political Science Review. 85(4):1192-14.
Freedman, Paul, and Ken Goldstein. 1999. “Measuring Media Exposure and the Effects
of Negative Campaign Ads.” American Journal of Political Science.43:1189-1208.
Geer, John G. 2000. “Assessing Attack Advertising: A Silver Lining.” In Campaign
Reform: Insights and Evidence. Edited by Larry M. Bartels and Lynn Vavreck. Ann
Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
Geer, John G., and James H. Geer. 2003. “Remembering Attack Ads: An Experimental
Investigation of Radio.” Political Behavior: 25:69-94.
Goldstein, Ken, and Paul Freedman. 2002. “Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout:
New Evidence for a Stimulation Effect.” Journal of Politics. 64: 721-740.
Griffin, Dale, and Amos Tversky. 1992. “The Weighing of Evidence and the
Determinants of Confidence.” Cognitive Psychology. 24:411-435.
Hinich, Melvin J., and Michael C. Munger. 1997. Analytical Politics. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Holbrook, Allyson L., Jon. A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, Wendi L.Gardner, & John T.
Cacioppo, 2001. “Attitudes toward Presidential Candidates and Political Parties: Initial
optimism, Inertial First Impressions, and a Focus on Flaws.” American Journal of
Political Science. 45, 930-950.
Husted, Thomas A., Lawrence W. Kenny, Rebecca B. Morton. 1995. "Constituent Errors
in Assessing their Senators." Public Choice. 83:251-271.
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