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18
TABLE 1: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
COUNTRY
Timing of
Freedom
of the Press
Timing of
Freedom
of Association
Timing of
Freedom
of Combination
Timing of
Manhood
Suffrage
Timing of
Electoral
Representation
Status
Rigidity
Union/Party
Cross
-Linkage
Union
Organizational
Coherence
Australia
1695
1824
1824
1858
1901
1
5
3
Austria
1867
1867
1870
1907
1897
3
4
2.5
Belgium
1830
1830
1866
1893
1894
2
4
2
Canada
1695
1824
1824
1885
1900
1
5
2
Denmark
1849
1849
1849
1849
1884
2
4
3
Finland
1905
1906
1906
1907
1907
3
3
1
France
1830
1884
1884
1848
1893
3
2
1
Germany
1849
1869
1869
1871
1871
3
3
1
Great Britain
1695
1824
1824
1885
1900
3
5
3
Italy
1848
1890
1890
1912
1895
2
2
1
Netherlands
1815
1855
1855
1896
1888
2
4
2
New Zealand
1695
1824
1824
1852
1890
1
5
3
Norway
1814
1839
1839
1898
1894
2
4
3
Russia
1905
never before 1914 never before 1914
1918
never before 1914
3
(a)
2
Spain
1837
never before 1914 never before 1914
1890
1898
3
2
1
Sweden
1809
1864
1864
1909
1896
3
4
3
Switzerland
1848
1848
1848
1848
1896
2
2
1
United States
1787
1787
1842
1787
1900
1
1
2
Note: (a)
Scores for Russia: Russia-Bolsheviks 1; Russia-Mensheviks 2
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