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Radicalism or Reformism? Evaluating Contending Theories Against a Longitunal and Cross-sectional Data Set
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Factions: A radical youth movement existed that was antagonistic to the leadership, syndicalist, and anti-election. It was very small, and disappeared when its leaders were expelled (Tingsten 1973, 378).
Sweden- 1914
Political system: The principle of parliamentarianism was fully accepted. They contested elections throughout the first decade of the century. In 1904, Sweden abstained from a vote at the Amsterdam international that repudiated “cabinet socialism,” that is, participation in the cabinet (and along with that possible coalition building). In 1914, the SPD was confronted with the fact that it won more mandates than did the Liberal Party and by rights ought to be represented in the cabinet. Ninety party congress votes supported a proposal that approved SPD-Liberal cabinet cooperation from the Rikstag; 58 voted against it (Tingsten 1973, 422). The debate was not over, but on the whole the party accepted participation in government despite the desire to get rid of the monarchy.
Economic system: While purely Marxist (Galenson 1952, 151), the Swedish Social Democrats focused upon political goals. They held to their earlier rejection of capitalism.
Methods: The Swedes did not tend to use violent means, and had ruled out revolutionary tendencies in the party congress of 1912 (Tingsten 1973, 396). Again, youth factions wanted to prepare for revolutionary necessity in case of war while party leadership disagreed.
Factions: A vocal minority was against participation in the cabinet because it diluted the purpose of the party and was a tacit stamp of approval on the King. In addition, the minority wished to prepare revolutionary tactics (Tingsten 1973, 396; 422).
Switzerland - 1900
Political system: The program of the socialist party in effect in 1900 focused on reforms in the political system. The main feature of that program called for a unitary Swiss state. This was a radical call for a Swiss party of that period. They are not calling for a change to a socialist system, rather a democratic unitary state (in abandoning cantonism) (Masnata 1963, 107).
Economic system: The Socialist party called for extensive reforms within the system, for example, raising wages (Masnata 1963, 34) and extensive, progressive nationalization of industries (Kohler 1977, 28).
Methods: The Swiss Socialist Party was a cooperative party. Its major methods at this time appear to be verbal agitation, the publication of Le Socialiste, and encouraging workers to “resist excessively” falling wages (Kohler 1977, 46). This is a defensive strike against wage reduction (Kohler 1977, 46).
Factions: Weak.
Switzerland - 1914
Political system: While the program adopted in 1904 and in effect until 1920 is more Marxist than the last (meaning that it is calling for change along Marxist lines), it does not call for a
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| | Authors: Marks, Gary., Kim, Hyung. and Mbaye, Heather. |
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38
Factions: A radical youth movement existed that was antagonistic to the leadership, syndicalist,
and anti-election. It was very small, and disappeared when its leaders were expelled (Tingsten
1973, 378).
Sweden- 1914
Political system: The principle of parliamentarianism was fully accepted. They contested elections
throughout the first decade of the century. In 1904, Sweden abstained from a vote at the
Amsterdam international that repudiated “cabinet socialism,” that is, participation in the cabinet
(and along with that possible coalition building). In 1914, the SPD was confronted with the fact
that it won more mandates than did the Liberal Party and by rights ought to be represented in
the cabinet. Ninety party congress votes supported a proposal that approved SPD-Liberal cabinet
cooperation from the Rikstag; 58 voted against it (Tingsten 1973, 422). The debate was not over,
but on the whole the party accepted participation in government despite the desire to get rid of
the monarchy.
Economic system: While purely Marxist (Galenson 1952, 151), the Swedish Social Democrats
focused upon political goals. They held to their earlier rejection of capitalism.
Methods: The Swedes did not tend to use violent means, and had ruled out revolutionary
tendencies in the party congress of 1912 (Tingsten 1973, 396). Again, youth factions wanted to
prepare for revolutionary necessity in case of war while party leadership disagreed.
Factions: A vocal minority was against participation in the cabinet because it diluted the purpose
of the party and was a tacit stamp of approval on the King. In addition, the minority wished to
prepare revolutionary tactics (Tingsten 1973, 396; 422).
Switzerland - 1900
Political system: The program of the socialist party in effect in 1900 focused on reforms in the
political system. The main feature of that program called for a unitary Swiss state. This was a
radical call for a Swiss party of that period. They are not calling for a change to a socialist system,
rather a democratic unitary state (in abandoning cantonism) (Masnata 1963, 107).
Economic system: The Socialist party called for extensive reforms within the system, for example,
raising wages (Masnata 1963, 34) and extensive, progressive nationalization of industries (Kohler
1977, 28).
Methods: The Swiss Socialist Party was a cooperative party. Its major methods at this time appear
to be verbal agitation, the publication of Le Socialiste, and encouraging workers to “resist
excessively” falling wages (Kohler 1977, 46). This is a defensive strike against wage reduction
(Kohler 1977, 46).
Factions: Weak.
Switzerland - 1914
Political system: While the program adopted in 1904 and in effect until 1920 is more Marxist than
the last (meaning that it is calling for change along Marxist lines), it does not call for a
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