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War and the Health of the State: The Critical War Years for National Health Insurance in 20th Century Japan and the United States
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19
September 1934, “I am seeing the fact that the He alth Insurance has had troubles and
been ineffective. A tragedy and danger will occur if we have another large-scale health
insurance program.”
56
In October 1935, the Home Ministry asked the Social Security
Investigating Committee for more detailed plan, and the Committee submitted a report on
the issue back to the Ministry by mentioning, “The health insurance program for rural
population is a necessity to solve the deteriorating social conditions.”
57
However, the
JMA again lobbied to the Hygiene Bureau of the Home Ministry to oppose the plan.
When the Social Bureau proposed the National Health Insurance plan in 1936, the
Japanese Medical Association sent telegrams to the Social Bureau to say,
“The National Health Insurance will kill all of
us.” Moreover, the business groups called the
Social Bureau “red” and used the party politics to
block the plan.
58
The National Health Insurance
bills never passed.
Meanwhile, international
circumstances were changing in the 1930s and the
1940s. The Manchuria Incident occurred in 1931,
when “Japan abandoned the general policy of
cooperation with the powers, which had for the
most part controlled its international behavior
since 1868, and chose to pursue its own destiny in
East Asia, to trust its own strength to protest and
advance its interests.”
59
The subsequent events, such as the assassination of Prime
Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, the withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933,
56
Hitoshi Suzuki, “Kokumin kenk hoken seido y k an ni taisuru ichi k satsu [A Consideration of the
National Health Insurance bill],” in Nihon shakai hosh zenshi shiry , 114-5.
57
K seish Hoken kyoku Kokumin Kenk Hoken ka (Section of the National Health Insurance, Social
Bureau, Ministry of Welfare) and Kokumin Kenk Hoken Ch
Kai (National Health Insurance
Association), Kokumin kenk hoken yonj nenshi [Forty-year History of the National Health Insurance] (Tokyo: Gy sei, 1979), 6.
58
Hisatada Hirose, “Shakai fuan wo nozoku shakai seisaku wo [Forming Policies to Eliminate Social
Instability],” in Zenkoku kokumin kenk hoken dantai ch
kai (National Association of National Health
Insurance Organization), Kokumin kenk hoken nij nenshi [Twenty-year History of the National Health Insurance] (Tokyo: Zenkoku kokumin kenk hoken dantai ch
kai, 1958), 4.
59
Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan, 191.
Table 3: Government Expenditure and Military Expenditure
Year
1)
GovernmentExpenditure
(thousand)
2) Military
Expenditure
2)/1)
%
1931
1,476,875
461,298
31.23
1935
2,206,478
1,042,621
47.25
1936
2,282,176
1,088,888
47.71
1937
4,742,320
3,277,937
69.12
1938
7,766,259
5,962,749
77.86
1939
8,802,943
6,468,077
73.48
1940
10,962,755
7,947,196
73.36
1941
16,542,832
12,503,424
75.58
1942
24,406,382
18,836,742
75.18
1943
38,001,015
29,828,820
78.49
1944
86,159,861
73,514,674
85.32
1945
37,961,250
17,067,683
45.01
Source: Okurash , Sh wa zaiseishi, dai yon kan[Financial History of Sh wa Era, 4
th
ed.]
(Tokyo: T y keizai shinposha, 1955), 4-5.Total military expenditure includes ordinary military expenditure, special military expenditure, and conscription expenditure.
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| | Authors: Yamagishi, Takakazu. |
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19
September 1934, “I am seeing the fact that the He alth Insurance has had troubles and
been ineffective. A tragedy and danger will occur if we have another large-scale health
insurance program.”
56
In October 1935, the Home Ministry asked the Social Security
Investigating Committee for more detailed plan, and the Committee submitted a report on
the issue back to the Ministry by mentioning, “The health insurance program for rural
population is a necessity to solve the deteriorating social conditions.”
57
However, the
JMA again lobbied to the Hygiene Bureau of the Home Ministry to oppose the plan.
When the Social Bureau proposed the National Health Insurance plan in 1936, the
Japanese Medical Association sent telegrams to the Social Bureau to say,
“The National Health Insurance will kill all of
us.” Moreover, the business groups called the
Social Bureau “red” and used the party politics to
block the plan.
58
The National Health Insurance
bills never passed.
Meanwhile, international
circumstances were changing in the 1930s and the
1940s. The Manchuria Incident occurred in 1931,
when “Japan abandoned the general policy of
cooperation with the powers, which had for the
most part controlled its international behavior
since 1868, and chose to pursue its own destiny in
East Asia, to trust its own strength to protest and
advance its interests.”
59
The subsequent events, such as the assassination of Prime
Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, the withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933,
56
Hitoshi Suzuki, “Kokumin kenk hoken seido y k an ni taisuru ichi k satsu [A Consideration of the
National Health Insurance bill],” in Nihon shakai hosh zenshi shiry , 114-5.
57
K seish Hoken kyoku Kokumin Kenk Hoken ka (Section of the National Health Insurance, Social
Bureau, Ministry of Welfare) and Kokumin Kenk Hoken Ch
Kai (National Health Insurance
Association), Kokumin kenk hoken yonj nenshi [Forty-year History of the National Health Insurance]
(Tokyo: Gy sei, 1979), 6.
58
Hisatada Hirose, “Shakai fuan wo nozoku shakai seisaku wo [Forming Policies to Eliminate Social
Instability],” in Zenkoku kokumin kenk hoken dantai ch
kai (National Association of National Health
Insurance Organization), Kokumin kenk hoken nij nenshi [Twenty-year History of the National Health
Insurance] (Tokyo: Zenkoku kokumin kenk hoken dantai ch
kai, 1958), 4.
59
Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan, 191.
Table 3: Government Expenditure and Military
Expenditure
Year
1)
Government
Expenditure
(thousand)
2) Military
Expenditure
2)/1)
%
1931
1,476,875
461,298
31.23
1935
2,206,478
1,042,621
47.25
1936
2,282,176
1,088,888
47.71
1937
4,742,320
3,277,937
69.12
1938
7,766,259
5,962,749
77.86
1939
8,802,943
6,468,077
73.48
1940
10,962,755
7,947,196
73.36
1941
16,542,832
12,503,424
75.58
1942
24,406,382
18,836,742
75.18
1943
38,001,015
29,828,820
78.49
1944
86,159,861
73,514,674
85.32
1945
37,961,250
17,067,683
45.01
Source: Okurash , Sh wa zaiseishi, dai yon kan
[Financial History of Sh wa Era, 4
th
ed.]
(Tokyo: T y keizai shinposha, 1955), 4-5.
Total military expenditure includes ordinary
military expenditure, special military
expenditure, and conscription expenditure.
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