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Welfare Spending, Government Partisanship, and Varieties of Capitalism
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Table 2. Determinants of Growth of Social Spending per capita,
by Varieties of Capitalism (1962-1998; Left Cabinet Share)
Variables
[1]
[2]
All countries
LMEs
SMEs
Left Cabinet share
0.005
0.017
0.006
(0.056)
(0.087)
(0.076)
∆ Left Cabinet share
0.198**
0.226*
0.070
(0.080)
(0.132)
(0.105)
CD Cabinet share
-0.081
-0.008
(0.110)
(0.118)
∆ CD Cabinet share
0.187
-0.037
(0.220)
(0.214)
Social Spending Levels
-0.392***
-0.725***
-0.223***
(0.070)
(0.185)
(0.075)
GDP/capita Growth
0.244***
0.581***
-0.112
(0.080)
(0.125)
(0.132)
Public Debt
-0.065***
-0.058***
-0.052***
(0.010)
(0.018)
(0.014)
Inflation
0.172***
0.110
0.240***
(0.054)
(0.091)
(0.091)
Voter Turnout
0.128***
0.327***
0.109**
(0.037)
(0.095)
(0.051)
∆ Dependency Ratio
-0.077
-0.187
-2.334**
(0.603)
(1.074)
(0.945)
∆ Unemployment Rate
1.040***
1.643***
0.615*
(0.236)
(0.433)
(0.333)
∆ Trade Openness
-0.113***
-0.329***
-0.071
(0.051)
(0.084)
(0.063)
∆ Capital Liberalization
-0.057
-0.272
-0.167
(0.263)
(0.451)
(0.391)
∆ Deindustrialization
-0.189
-0.176
-0.518
(0.248)
(0.363)
(0.302)
Sum of Squared Residual
11879.3
16559.1
13148.4
N
629
222
296
Note: Entries are robust regression estimates and panel-corrected stan-
dard errors in parenthesis. Country- and year-specific fixed effects were esti-mated but not reported. * p
<.10, ** p<.05, *** p<.01.
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| | Authors: Pontusson, Jonas. and Kwon, Hyeok Yong. |
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Table 2. Determinants of Growth of Social Spending per capita,
by Varieties of Capitalism (1962-1998; Left Cabinet Share)
Variables
[1]
[2]
All countries
LMEs
SMEs
Left Cabinet share
0.005
0.017
0.006
(0.056)
(0.087)
(0.076)
∆ Left Cabinet share
0.198**
0.226*
0.070
(0.080)
(0.132)
(0.105)
CD Cabinet share
-0.081
-0.008
(0.110)
(0.118)
∆ CD Cabinet share
0.187
-0.037
(0.220)
(0.214)
Social Spending Levels
-0.392***
-0.725***
-0.223***
(0.070)
(0.185)
(0.075)
GDP/capita Growth
0.244***
0.581***
-0.112
(0.080)
(0.125)
(0.132)
Public Debt
-0.065***
-0.058***
-0.052***
(0.010)
(0.018)
(0.014)
Inflation
0.172***
0.110
0.240***
(0.054)
(0.091)
(0.091)
Voter Turnout
0.128***
0.327***
0.109**
(0.037)
(0.095)
(0.051)
∆ Dependency Ratio
-0.077
-0.187
-2.334**
(0.603)
(1.074)
(0.945)
∆ Unemployment Rate
1.040***
1.643***
0.615*
(0.236)
(0.433)
(0.333)
∆ Trade Openness
-0.113***
-0.329***
-0.071
(0.051)
(0.084)
(0.063)
∆ Capital Liberalization
-0.057
-0.272
-0.167
(0.263)
(0.451)
(0.391)
∆ Deindustrialization
-0.189
-0.176
-0.518
(0.248)
(0.363)
(0.302)
Sum of Squared Residual
11879.3
16559.1
13148.4
N
629
222
296
Note: Entries are robust regression estimates and panel-corrected stan-
dard errors in parenthesis. Country- and year-specific fixed effects were esti-
mated but not reported. * p
<.10, ** p<.05, *** p<.01.
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