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NATO vs. the Euro Force: The First Post-Cold War Round of the ESDI Debate
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NATO vs. the Euro Force
The First Post-Cold War Round of the ESDI Debate
by
Jorge Benitez, Ph.D.
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Tufts University
Prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 28–31, 2003.
Copyright by the American Political Science Association.
Abstract
The ending of the Cold War and the removal of the Soviet threat uncovered serious
divisions within NATO. As Michael Howard noted, “with the evaporation of the threat that called it into existence NATO is falling apart, and the rift between the Ango-Saxon Atlanticists and European continentalists grows steadily wider.” An important factor in NATO’s survival that scholars have overlooked is the diplomatic effort in 1990-1991 to balance against American power by developing a rival European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) as an exclusively European alternative to NATO and its transatlantic link.
This research examines the heated debate that occurred between advocates of an
independent European security force and the proponents of preserving NATO as the dominant security organization in Europe. The research explores key elements of this debate, such as: the London Declaration, the Dumas-Genscher joint initiative, the Bartholomew Memorandum, the secret negotiations between the White House and the Elysee, the Baker-Genscher joint statement, and the creation of the Euro Corps. This threat to NATO culminated with President Bush’s secret challenge at the 1991 Rome Summit for the allies to choose between an independent European military or American withdrawal from the continent. This study helps evaluate the ability of leading international relations theories to account for state behavior during this historic juncture in European security.
DRAFT
Do not cite or quote without author’s permission.
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NATO vs. the Euro Force
The First Post-Cold War Round of the ESDI Debate
by
Jorge Benitez, Ph.D.
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Tufts University
Prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 28–31, 2003.
Copyright by the American Political Science Association.
Abstract
The ending of the Cold War and the removal of the Soviet threat uncovered serious
divisions within NATO. As Michael Howard noted, “with the evaporation of the threat that
called it into existence NATO is falling apart, and the rift between the Ango-Saxon Atlanticists
and European continentalists grows steadily wider.” An important factor in NATO’s survival
that scholars have overlooked is the diplomatic effort in 1990-1991 to balance against American
power by developing a rival European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) as an exclusively
European alternative to NATO and its transatlantic link.
This research examines the heated debate that occurred between advocates of an
independent European security force and the proponents of preserving NATO as the dominant
security organization in Europe. The research explores key elements of this debate, such as: the
London Declaration, the Dumas-Genscher joint initiative, the Bartholomew Memorandum, the
secret negotiations between the White House and the Elysee, the Baker-Genscher joint statement,
and the creation of the Euro Corps. This threat to NATO culminated with President Bush’s
secret challenge at the 1991 Rome Summit for the allies to choose between an independent
European military or American withdrawal from the continent. This study helps evaluate the
ability of leading international relations theories to account for state behavior during this historic
juncture in European security.
DRAFT
Do not cite or quote without author’s permission.
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