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UN and NATOs Unintended Effects on Civil-Military Relations: Eastern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective
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28
34
Interviews with Brazilian diplomats at ITAMARATY, Brasilia, Brazil, April 3, 2002.
35
Wendy Hunter, op.cit., p. 6.
36
Harvey Waterman, “Correspondence,”, International Security, Vol. 26, 3(Winter 2001/02): 225.
37
Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, “The Armed Forces after the Cold War,”
The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War, in Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams and David R. Segal (eds.), (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 1-13.
38
See Mark Peceny and William Stanley, “Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars
in Central America,” International Organization, Vol. 55, 1(Winter 2001): 149-182.
39
Stryker S., and A. Statham, “Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory,” in The Handbook of Social
Psychology, vol. 1, G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), (New York: Random House, 1985): 325.
40
Robert Jervis, “Correspondence: Institutionalized Disagreement,” International Security, Vol. 27,
1(Summer 2002): 174.
41
Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life, p. 52-53.
42
Ibid, p. 125.
43
Ibid.
44
See Alastair Iain Johston, “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments,” International
Studies Quarterly, Vol. 45, (2001): 489, 499-506.
45
See Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,
International Organization, Vol. 52, 4(1998), p.910.
46
The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1959).
47
Ibid, 83-84.
48
“Modernization and Military Coups: Theory, Comparisons and the Argentine Case,” in Abraham
Lowenthal, ed., Armies and Parties in Latin America (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), p. 120.
49
Janos Szabo, “Facts and Problems of the Civilian Control of Armed Forces in Hungary,” paper presented
to the IISS workshop on Civil-Military Relations in Central Europe, Budapest, 23-24 March, 1996, pp. 7-8.
50
Interview conducted by Arturo Sotomayor with a Colonel from the Chilean Air Force, which requested
anonymity. Chilean Air Force, Diego Portales Building, Santiago, Chile, November 14, 2002.
51
Alastair Iain Johston, op.cit., p. 496-499.
52
Charles Moskos, Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, op.cit., 9.
53
David Sorensen, “Soldiers, States, and Systems: Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Cold War World,”
presented to the Mershon Center Conference on Civil-Military Relations, Ohio State University, 4-5 December, 1993. p. 21.
54
Ibid, p. 25.
55
Michael C. Williams, “Civil-Military Relations and Peacekeeping,” Adelphi Paper 321, (London,
international Institute of Strategic Studies, 1998): p. 38.
56
Thomaz Guedes da Costa, “Democratization and International Integration: The Role of the Armed Forces
in Brazil’s Grand Strategy,” Civil-Military Relations: Building Democracy and Regional Security in Latin America, Southern Asia, and Central Europe, David R. Mares (ed.), (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998): 232.
57
Interviews with Brazilian officers that requested anonymity. Brazilian Army, Brasilia, Brazil, 15 April
2002.
58
For a debate about transitions and consolidation to democracy see Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan,
Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.)
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28
34
Interviews with Brazilian diplomats at ITAMARATY, Brasilia, Brazil, April 3, 2002.
35
Wendy Hunter, op.cit., p. 6.
36
Harvey Waterman, “Correspondence,”, International Security, Vol. 26, 3(Winter 2001/02): 225.
37
Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, “The Armed Forces after the Cold War,”
The Postmodern Military: Armed Forces after the Cold War, in Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams
and David R. Segal (eds.), (New York, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000): 1-13.
38
See Mark Peceny and William Stanley, “Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars
in Central America,” International Organization, Vol. 55, 1(Winter 2001): 149-182.
39
Stryker S., and A. Statham, “Symbolic Interaction and Role Theory,” in The Handbook of Social
Psychology, vol. 1, G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds.), (New York: Random House, 1985): 325.
40
Robert Jervis, “Correspondence: Institutionalized Disagreement,” International Security, Vol. 27,
1(Summer 2002): 174.
41
Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life, p. 52-53.
42
Ibid, p. 125.
43
Ibid.
44
See Alastair Iain Johston, “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments,” International
Studies Quarterly, Vol. 45, (2001): 489, 499-506.
45
See Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,
International Organization, Vol. 52, 4(1998), p.910.
46
The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1959).
47
Ibid, 83-84.
48
“Modernization and Military Coups: Theory, Comparisons and the Argentine Case,” in Abraham
Lowenthal, ed., Armies and Parties in Latin America (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1976), p. 120.
49
Janos Szabo, “Facts and Problems of the Civilian Control of Armed Forces in Hungary,” paper presented
to the IISS workshop on Civil-Military Relations in Central Europe, Budapest, 23-24 March, 1996, pp. 7-8.
50
Interview conducted by Arturo Sotomayor with a Colonel from the Chilean Air Force, which requested
anonymity. Chilean Air Force, Diego Portales Building, Santiago, Chile, November 14, 2002.
51
Alastair Iain Johston, op.cit., p. 496-499.
52
Charles Moskos, Allen Williams, and David R. Segal, op.cit., 9.
53
David Sorensen, “Soldiers, States, and Systems: Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Cold War World,”
presented to the Mershon Center Conference on Civil-Military Relations, Ohio State University, 4-5
December, 1993. p. 21.
54
Ibid, p. 25.
55
Michael C. Williams, “Civil-Military Relations and Peacekeeping,” Adelphi Paper 321, (London,
international Institute of Strategic Studies, 1998): p. 38.
56
Thomaz Guedes da Costa, “Democratization and International Integration: The Role of the Armed Forces
in Brazil’s Grand Strategy,” Civil-Military Relations: Building Democracy and Regional Security in Latin
America, Southern Asia, and Central Europe, David R. Mares (ed.), (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press,
1998): 232.
57
Interviews with Brazilian officers that requested anonymity. Brazilian Army, Brasilia, Brazil, 15 April
2002.
58
For a debate about transitions and consolidation to democracy see Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan,
Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-
Communist Europe, (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.)
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