(Page 23 of 23) - GEORGE W. BUSH: CHALLENGES OF A WARTIME PRESIDENT authored by Maltese, John. and Pika, Joseph.

David S. Broder, “Black Thursday for Bush,” Washington Post, July 15, 2003, A19. On declining poll

numbers see Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, “Support for Bush Declines as Casualties Mount In Iraq,”
Washington Post, July 12, 2003, A1.

John E. Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York: Wiley, 1973).

Maureen Dowd, “Photo Op-portunism,” New York Times, May 15, 2002 on the three commemorative

photos marketed to Republican contributors for $150 including one of the president on Air Force One on 9-
11-01. Also see Howard Kurtz, “Profiting from Tragedy,” Washington Post May 15, 2002.

There was pronounced criticism about lack of access during the Persian Gulf War in 1991. At that time,

the Department of Defense “allowed reporters to travel in the war zone, but coverage was strictly limited.
Only small, closely supervised, Pentagon-approved pools of correspondents could cover the actual fighting.
Pool reporters were constantly accompanied by Defense Department public affairs officers who controlled
where they could go and who they could interview. All copy was then subject to censorship by the
military. The Pentagon was especially concerned about what visual images would be seen by the American
people. By keeping television crews away from the fighting and releasing their own visually hypnotic
films of high-tech bombing raids (‘military Nintendo,’ as the Nation put it, the Pentagon sanitized the war.
Indeed, much of the coverage of the war consisted of official Allied briefings for reporters.” John Anthony
Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential
News, 2

ed., rev. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 220.

See the discussion in Bob Woodward, Bush At War ( New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002) 260ff.

R.W. Apple, Jr., “Bush’s Peril: Shifting Sand and Fickle Opinion,” New York Times, March 30, 2003,

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/29CND-ASSE.html.

Jennifer Loven, “Despite Pressures of WartimePresidency, Bush’s Routine Changes Little,” Associated

Press, March 22, 2003.

Ron Fournier, “Bush’s Wartime Performance Under Scrutiny,” Associated Press, March 28, 2003.

Terry Moran, “Bush No Micro-Manager,” ABC News, March 26, 2003

http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/Politics/Iraq_commanderinchief030326.html

Bob Woodward, Bush At War, 246, 176.

Judy Keen and Lawrence McQuillan, “Bush Dives into Details of Iraq Conflict,” USA Today, March 21,

2003, 6A.

Elisabeth Bumiller, “President Keeps the Battlefield Close at Hand,” New York Times, March 30, 2003,

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/30/international/worldspecial/30BUSH.html

Eliot A. Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen and Leadership in Wartime ( New York: The

Free Press, 2002).

Lawrence D. Freedman, “Calling the Shots: Should Politicians or Generals Run Our Wars?” review of

Supreme Command in Foreign Affairs, September/October 2002,
http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20020901fareviewessay9741/lawrence-d-freedman/calling-the-shots-should-
politicians-or-generals-run-our-wars.html.

Eliot Cohen interview, conducted by Stephen Goode, Insight, May 26, 2003.

Bob Woodward, Bush At War, pp. 158, 144, 130-131. Bush committed some costly verbal gaffes at the

outset—using the word “crusade” and targeting Osama Bin Laden “dead or alive,” 94, 100-101.
Comparable errors were scarce in the war on Iraq.

Paul Krugman, “Waggy Dog Stories,” New York Times, May 30, 2003,

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/30/opinion/30KRUG.html

Arnold, Presidents Under Fire, Chapter 5.

Paul Krugman, “Standard Operating Procedure,” New York Times, June 3, 2003.

Quoted in: Archibold, “Back in the Fray,” A15.

Walter Pincus and Dana Priest, “Some Iraq Analysts Felt Pressure from Cheney Visits,” Washington

Post, June 5, 2003, A1.

Charles Lewis, “Even in Wartime, Stealth and Democracy Do Not Mix,” Center for Public Integrity

February 12, 2003, http://www.public-
i.org/dtaweb/report.asp?ReportID=506&L1=10&L2=10&L3=0&L4=0&L5=0

Ibid.

Mike Allen, “Counsel to Assertive Presidency,” Washington Post, May 19, 2003, A17.

Michael E. O’Hanlon, Susan E. Rice and James B. Steinberg, “The New National Security Strategy and

Preemption,” Policy Brief #113-2003, http://