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Managing Upward, Downward, and Outward: Networks, Hierarchical Relationships and Performance
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Abstract
Managing Upward, Downward, and Outward:
Networks, Hierarchical Relationships and Performance
It is particularly difficult, but also valuable, to try to estimate the relative contributions of
different managerial functions to the outcomes of public programs. Building from a formal
treatment of public management and performance, this study explores this research task with
empirical analyses of several hundred public organizations and their top managers over a five-
year period. Using Moore’s distinction among managing upward toward political principals,
downward toward organizational agents, and outward toward the networked environment, we
examine managerial impacts on ten different performance criteria. Findings validate the points
that these three functions are distinct, public management has performance-relevant impacts, and
managerial networking outward can be an important contributor to the achievement of public
objectives.
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| | Authors: O'Toole, Laurence., Meier, Kenneth. and Nicholson-Crotty, Sean. |
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Abstract
Managing Upward, Downward, and Outward:
Networks, Hierarchical Relationships and Performance
It is particularly difficult, but also valuable, to try to estimate the relative contributions of
different managerial functions to the outcomes of public programs. Building from a formal
treatment of public management and performance, this study explores this research task with
empirical analyses of several hundred public organizations and their top managers over a five-
year period. Using Moore’s distinction among managing upward toward political principals,
downward toward organizational agents, and outward toward the networked environment, we
examine managerial impacts on ten different performance criteria. Findings validate the points
that these three functions are distinct, public management has performance-relevant impacts, and
managerial networking outward can be an important contributor to the achievement of public
objectives.
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