40
Table 4. Exploring the Impact of Managing Upward on Organizational Performance
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Dependent Variable = Student Exam Pass Rates
Independent Variables Slope t
Managerial Networking 1.2800 7.80*
Principal-Agent Relationships
School Boards -1.4588 6.20*
Board Contacts X Board Support .1218 3.40*
School Principals -.2185 0.72
Other Management Variables
Quality .7927 4.84*
Stability .0714 4.31*
Employee Stability .1421 5.76*
Control Variables
Teacher’s Salaries (000s) .2346 2.10*
Class Size -.3941 5.79*
Teacher Experience .1608 1.60
Non Certified Teachers -.1479 4.23*
Percent State Aid -.0219 2.66*
Percent Black Students -.2071 12.77*
Percent Latino Students -.0868 8.16*
Low Income Students
-.1919 12.57*
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R-squared .62
Standard Error 7.35
F 209.20
N of Cases 2503
Dummy variables for individual years not reported
* p < .05 two tailed test # p < .10 two tailed test