and video stores, among others. Survey results show that Turkish firms were set up to
satisfy specific demands from the Turkish community that lives in ethnic neighborhoods.
About 76 percent of the enterprises set up by Turkish immigrants in Berlin are in retail
trade and catering, while 45 percent of Turkish firms have mainly Turkish customers
(Bayar 1996).
The discrimination in the labor market; the lack of capital to participate in any
capital-intensive enterprise; a desire to avoid competition with laborers in the labor
market led to the continuous concentration of Turkish businessmen in the ethnic niche. In
order to protect their ethnic niche, the Turks have manipulated friendship, kinship and
patron-client relationships to form protective and mutual aid associations. Thus limited
economic opportunity has driven the Turks into Turkish neighborhoods and united them
to protect a common interest.
.In his report for the Sussmuth-Commission, Seifert concluded that the public sector
in Germany is not accessible for immigrants. They are heavily under-represented in the
civil service. Civil servants in Germany are categorized into career civil servants and
employees. Most career civil servant positions are only accessible to Germans. However,
immigrants are under-represented among employees as well. Seifert produced the
following data for North-Rhine Westphalia in 1999. Foreigners from former recruitment
countries made up 7.8% of the North-Rhine Westphalian labour force. In the public
sector, however, this share was only 2%. In the sector of public administration, the
proportion was 1.4%, in the social insurance sector 1.5%. In the educational sector, it
varied from 2.3 to 3.7% (Seifert 2001).
Convention