28
of MTK and began his involvement with the forest certification dialogue in 1997, when he replaced Simula
and Nyrinen as representative of MTK for the standards working group.
21
Karjalainen, personal interview, 2003.
22
Personal interviews and (Ikonen, 1997).
23
Also described by Valtanen, personal interview, 2003. According to Valtanen, the Finnish translator for
the working group translated only part of the standard, neglecting the introduction notes and portions
referring to government legislation and old-growth issues.
24
Also described by Karjalainen, personal interview, 2003.
25
According to a former Greenpeace Finland, Finland’s ENGO community was outnumbered and
overpowered in any certification discussion: “We (environmental interests) always lost everything.”.
26
Though communication lines were kept open between MTK, WWF, and FSC and MTK agreed to keep
WWF informed of its certification development process. (Personal interview, 2003 Hannes Mäntyranta,
Journalist and Communications Coordinator, Finnish Forest Association, Helsinki. Mäntyranta presents a
documentary account of the emergence of forest certification in Finland in Forest Certification: An ideal
that became an absolute (2002).
27
As described by Heikki Juslin in personal notes that he shared with us (2003), and Markku Simula, Chief
Managing Director of Indufor, Helsinki (personal interview, 2003).
28
Valtanen of FFIF indicated that the flow of information, guidelines for working procedures, and
monitoring were three areas that required improvements (Marttila 1998).
29
As described in Heikki Juslin’s personal notes (2003).
30
The FFCS became a registered association in February 2000.
31
Pennanen, personal interview, 2003.
32
Karjalainen, personal interview, 2003. BEN VERIFY THIS
33
B&Q’s procurement policy was also described to us by Martin Lillandt of MTK (personal interview,
2003) and Jari Parviainen, Director of the Joensuu Research Center of the Finnish Forest Research Institute
(METLA) and Chair of the Finnish Forest Certification Council (personal interview, 2003).
34
Cashore, Auld and Newsom’s notions of support draw on “pragmatic”, “moral” and cognitive legitimacy
distinctions developed by Suchman. Our paper emphasizes efforts to gain “pragmatic” support, we do not
address the equally important conceptual work on how pragmatic might lead to moral or cognitive.
35
Simula, personal interview, 2003.
36
Esä Härmälä, President of MTK (personal interview, 2003).
37
Lillandt, personal communication, 2003.
38
Personal interview, 2003. Vice President of Finnish Forest Industries Federation (FFIF).
39
Mikko Ohela, Vice President of Public Affairs, Metsäliitto Group, Finland (personal interview, 2003).
40
Ikonen, personal interview, 2003.
41
The FSC has since relaxed these tracking requirements and created a new program for small forest
owners.
42
As described by Pekka Patosaari, Head of the Secretariat, United Nations Forum on Forests (personal
interview, 2003).
43
Patosaari, personal interview, 2003.
44
The revised Forest Act and the new Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry provided a
compensation incentive whereby small private landowners would be subsidized for safeguarding
biodiversity and setting aside protective areas or special habitats.
45
Karjalainen, personal interview, 2003.
46
Valtanen, personal interview, 2003.
47
About 80 to 90 percent of activities relating to timber production in private forests are carried out by
FMAs, as well as 70 percent of the preliminary planning of timber sales. Forest owners are able to grant
FMAs the right to act on their behalf to conduct wood sales and deliveries (MTK, 2001).
48
As discussed by Valtanen, personal interview, 2003. Valtanen was also quoted in a 1998 article of Pulp
and Paper 80:4, “Fine tuning in progress: Finnish forestry ready for certification by the end of 1998.” In
defense of landowners, the Vice President of Finnish Forest Industries Federation stated, “The FSC has
justifiably been accused of seeking to establish a monopoly. It is not in keeping with what should
traditionally be a democratic system…”
Convention