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Association: Name: International Studies Association URL: http://www.isanet.org
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Inoguchi, Takashi. "Japan's IR: Significance of the International" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mar 05, 2005 <Not Available>. 2009-05-25 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p70750_index.html>

Inoguchi, T. , 2005-03-05 "Japan's IR: Significance of the International" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-25 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p70750_index.html

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript Review Method: Peer Reviewed Abstract: Japan's IR: Significance of the "International" Takashi Inoguchi University of Tokyo Abstract Japanese IR portrays Japan in many ways. But one of the most conventional is to portray Japan as a rara avis. Japan has never been comfortable in the Chinese world order even in the early ancient state building stages. One of he formal letter from Japan to China in themid-7th century at the time of the Sui dynasty was "from the emperor of the rising sun to the emperor of the setting sun" despite the fact that the archaic Chinese name of Japan was�@"floating bubbles in the Eastern Sea." The Chinese world order is an alternation of hierarchy and anarchy. When one Chinese dynasty collapses,�@ hierarchy is replaced by anarchy. Another dynasty, from within or without, takes over China and hierarchy is restored not only in China but also in its adjacent areas. The problem of Japan is that it is outside the realm of the Chinese world order largely because of the benevolence distance and no less importantly because Japanese wanted to be left "alone" as the archaic Chinese name of Japan symbolizes its preference. Here the sense of the "international" is thin. Nevertheless, I try to examine how Japan relates to the rest of the world in terms of the following four conventional concepts which are used often to characterize the nature of international relations: anarchy, community, hierarchy and civilization. Japanese IR occasionally portrays Japan as one members of the community, be it the Chinese cultural realm or the Japanese-led Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere or the Group of Eight or the ASEAN Plus Three or a member of the�@pact of democratic peace or a member of nuclear abolitionists. But in most�@cases in terms of identity, ideas, interests and institutions, such a community has never been a strong and organic one. Japanese IR sometimes portrays Japan as an actor which aims at climbing from an underdog to a top dog position. Prince Shotoku's letter mentioned above is a good example. Also the 150 years of Japanese modernization was a history of a ladder climbing late comer from the non-West. Whether in the Chinese world order or the Western world order or the American world order, it is true that Japan was quite eager at least at the initial phases to climb the ladder in each world order in which Japan inadvertently placed itself. Japanese IR sometimes portrays Japan in terms of civilization. Despite Samuel Huntington, some portrays Japan as one of the Chinese civilizational or Confucian affected members. It recurs in the late 19th century when some Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and Japanese envisaged an East Asian community to strike back against the West in the 1930s-1940s. In the 2000s, it is taking the dual form of a civilizational-economic grouping and a scheme of hedging a possibly declining Pax Americana. Examples are drawn from wide-ranging writings and statements of Japanese leaders mostly from the 18th century onward. Anarchy reminds us of KennethWaltz, community reminds us of the English school, hierarchy reminds us of Nial Ferguson, and civilization reminds us of Samuel Huntington. All are fine. The paper, however, confines its task to merely giving some discourses around each of the four concepts. It never tries to state which is more powerful in characterizing Japan in its IR.

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