Preliminary draft. Please do not cite without written permission from the author. Comments are welcome
the EU, states) as ends in themselves.’ So act that you treat humanity, both in your own person and in the person
of every other human being, nearly merely as a means, but always at the same time as an end.’ The 3. principle
of Kant's categorical imperative is to act as if all other actors are ends in themselves: ‘So act as if you were
through your maxim a law making member of a kingdom of ends.’
53
See: Toje, A. (2005). "The 2003 European Union Security Strategy -a critical appraisal." European Foreign
Affairs Review 10(1)
54
Ibid. ESS, p.11
55
Ibid Hill (1993)
56
For the contrary view see: Rynning, S. (2005). "Less May Be Better in EU Security and Defence Policy."
Oxford Journal on Good Governance 2(1).
57
This point is elaborated by Neumann and Gstöhl (ibid. 2004), pp. 13-15.
58
‘the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible, military forces, the means to decide
to use them, and a readiness to do so, in order to respond to international crises (…).’Joint Declaration on European
Defence, British French Summit, Saint Malo, 3-4 December, 1998
59
Cited in Bowley, G. (2005). In Europe, a shared foreign policy, too. International Herald Tribune. Saturday,
February 19
60
The 180 million EU budget is dwarfed by the 160 billon defence budgets of the member states.
61
Hill, C. (2002). The Geopolitical Implications of Enlargement. Europe Unbound: Enlarging and Reshaping the
Boundaries of the European Union. J. Zielonka. p. 99
62
Singling out a feeling of powerless as a defining characteristic is a view echoed by Robert Kagan’s
dissemination of the EU strategic culture. Ibid. Vital (1967) p. 32-33 and Kagan (2002)
63
Seminar, Columbia University, 23. February 2005.
64
Ibid Kagan, R. (2004). See also Cooper, R. (2004). Speak softly and carry a big carrot. Oslo, Den Norske
Atlanterhavskomité
65
ibid. Rothstein (1968), p. 27
66
Morgenthau, H., J. (1972). Science: Servant or Master? New York, New American Library, p.130. Cited in
Ibid. Neumann and Gstöhl (2004), p. 14
67
Sewell, W. H. (1996). "Historical events as transformation of structures. Inventing revolution at the Bastille."
Theory and Society 25(1), pp. 844-867
68
Ibid. Neumann and Gstöhl (2004), p. 12
Convention