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Has North Korea Achieved 'Security Juche'?: How Evolving Trends in Pyongyang's WMD Capabilities Will Constrain U.S. Foreign Policy and Military Options on the Korean Peninsula
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29
13
Defense Intelligence Agency, February 2000, p.19.
14
Risen, 2000, p.4.
15
Engleberg and Gordon, December 26, 1993.
16
Sanger, July 1, 2003, p.A1.
17
Sanger, November 11, 2003, p.A4.
18
Ibid, p.A4.
19
Sanger, October 14, 2003, p.A7.
20
In March 2004, Assistant Secretary of State for Asia James A. Kelley testified before a Senate panel that it was
“quite possible” that North Korea had already reprocessed all of the 8,000 spent fuel rods in its possession andconverted the plutonium into weapons. Sanger, March 3, 2004, p.A8.
21
Sanger, April 13, 2004, pp.A1 and A14.
22
Theater Missile Defenses in the Asia-Pacific Region. Working Group Report, No. 34. Washington, D.C.: The
Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2000, p. 16.
23
Ibid, p.17.
24
Elliott and Barry, 1994, p.37.
25
Shanker, 2003, p.A17.
26
Gertz, 2003.
27
Shanker, August 5, 2004, p.A3.
28
Ibid, p.A3; Watts, August 4, 2004, p.23.
29
Shanker, August 5, 2004, p.A3.
30
Watts, August 4, 2004, p.23.
31
Broad, January 11, 2000, p.A8.
32
This base is reportedly located near the middle of North Korea’s northern border with China, Sullivan and Jordan,
1999, p.A17.
33
Sullivan and Jordan, 1999, p.A17.
34
Ibid, p.A17.
35
See, Defense Intelligence Agency, “North Korea: The Foundations for Military Strength,” cited in Marc Dean
Millot, “Facing the Emerging Reality of Regional Nuclear Adversaries,” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 17, no.3(Summer 1994): 41-71.
36
Diamond, March 11, 2003.
37
Kristensen, 2002, p.59.
38
Elliott and Barry, 1994, p.37.
39
Ibid, p.37.
40
Theater Missile Defenses in the Asia-Pacific Region. Working Group Report, No. 34. Washington, D.C.: The
Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2000, pp.15-16.
41
Diamond, March 11, 2003.
42
Ibid.
43
Struck, December 13, 2002, p.A01.
44
Saunders 2003.
45
U.S. Congress. Senate. Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon
Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, University of California. January 21, 2004.
46
Ibid.
47
Wolfsthal 2003.
48
U.S. Congress. Senate. Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon
Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, University of California. January 21, 2004.
49
Ibid.
50
This estimate is found in a book by Albright and O’Neill on the Korean Nuclear Puzzle, which was a Report from
the Department of State/Department of Energy Spent Fuel Canning Team, and was cited in U.S. Congress. Senate.Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific ResearchCenter in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University ofCalifornia. January 21, 2004. How many weapons this material would translate into depends upon whether oneassumes 4 or 5 kg of material per weapon.
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29
13
Defense Intelligence Agency, February 2000, p.19.
14
Risen, 2000, p.4.
15
Engleberg and Gordon, December 26, 1993.
16
Sanger, July 1, 2003, p.A1.
17
Sanger, November 11, 2003, p.A4.
18
Ibid, p.A4.
19
Sanger, October 14, 2003, p.A7.
20
In March 2004, Assistant Secretary of State for Asia James A. Kelley testified before a Senate panel that it was
“quite possible” that North Korea had already reprocessed all of the 8,000 spent fuel rods in its possession and
converted the plutonium into weapons. Sanger, March 3, 2004, p.A8.
21
Sanger, April 13, 2004, pp.A1 and A14.
22
Theater Missile Defenses in the Asia-Pacific Region. Working Group Report, No. 34. Washington, D.C.: The
Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2000, p. 16.
23
Ibid, p.17.
24
Elliott and Barry, 1994, p.37.
25
Shanker, 2003, p.A17.
26
Gertz, 2003.
27
Shanker, August 5, 2004, p.A3.
28
Ibid, p.A3; Watts, August 4, 2004, p.23.
29
Shanker, August 5, 2004, p.A3.
30
Watts, August 4, 2004, p.23.
31
Broad, January 11, 2000, p.A8.
32
This base is reportedly located near the middle of North Korea’s northern border with China, Sullivan and Jordan,
1999, p.A17.
33
Sullivan and Jordan, 1999, p.A17.
34
Ibid, p.A17.
35
See, Defense Intelligence Agency, “North Korea: The Foundations for Military Strength,” cited in Marc Dean
Millot, “Facing the Emerging Reality of Regional Nuclear Adversaries,” The Washington Quarterly, vol. 17, no.3
(Summer 1994): 41-71.
36
Diamond, March 11, 2003.
37
Kristensen, 2002, p.59.
38
Elliott and Barry, 1994, p.37.
39
Ibid, p.37.
40
Theater Missile Defenses in the Asia-Pacific Region. Working Group Report, No. 34. Washington, D.C.: The
Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2000, pp.15-16.
41
Diamond, March 11, 2003.
42
Ibid.
43
Struck, December 13, 2002, p.A01.
44
Saunders 2003.
45
U.S. Congress. Senate. Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon
Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of California. January 21, 2004.
46
Ibid.
47
Wolfsthal 2003.
48
U.S. Congress. Senate. Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon
Nuclear Scientific Research Center in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, University of California. January 21, 2004.
49
Ibid.
50
This estimate is found in a book by Albright and O’Neill on the Korean Nuclear Puzzle, which was a Report from
the Department of State/Department of Energy Spent Fuel Canning Team, and was cited in U.S. Congress. Senate.
Testimony to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations on “Visit to the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research
Center in North Korea” by Siegfried S. Hecker, Senior Fellow, Los Alamos National Laboratory, University of
California. January 21, 2004. How many weapons this material would translate into depends upon whether one
assumes 4 or 5 kg of material per weapon.
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