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National and Regional TV Markets and TV Program Flows
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9
LATIN AMERICA
Brazil
63, 71, 81, 91, 02
Chile
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Columbia
62, 72, 82, 91, 02
Venezuela
62, 72, 82, 91, 02
NAFTA
Canada (Ang.) 62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Canada (Fr.) 62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Mexico
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
US – Hispanic 72, 82, 91, 01
EAST ASIA
China
62, 73, 82, 91, 99
Japan
62, 72, 82, 91, 99
South Korea 62, 72, 82, 91, 99
Taiwan
72, 82, 91, 99
EUROPE
France
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Italy
62, 72, 82, 92, 99
AFRICA
Cameroon
91, 99
Nigeria
62, ,82, 91, 01
Note: despite minor variations in year, the data will be presented in this column order in the tables.
Within a country, not all broadcasting stations are represented. First, we used one major
city in each country as a sample. Second, particularly in Latin America, some minor channels
presented non-mainstream patterns of programming, which might distort the validity of the
representation of the kinds of television people actually watch. We excluded, therefore, stations
that had under a five percent share of the audience, according to local ratings data. In Brazil, we
did validity checks comparing all stations with those who had over a five percent share. That
effectively excluded some government stations, some educational stations, and some very minor,
usually new, commercial stations, which did tend to use much more U.S. programming. We
decided, upon reflection, that inclusion of those stations would overstate the effective presence of
U.S. programming among the audience. For this very reason, some earlier research used weighted
measure audience hours to reflect media absorption more accurately, with hours being weighted by
ratings to indicate actual audience viewing habits (Antola & Rogers, 1984; Straubhaar, 1981;
1984.), but that measure was impractical in this phase of this study, since we do not have all the
ratings data for all the countries and years required. The reader may note that the trends realized
here correlate with those observed in the audience hour studies in Latin America (Antola & Rogers
1984; Straubhaar, 1981; 1984.), another indication of general validity. The U.S. Hispanic data is
based on Spanish language channel 26 in Chicago.
Television Program Flows
One of the crucial lessons from dependency theory and cultural studies has been the need
for careful, historical treatment of cultural industry developments (Sinclair, Jacka et al. 1996).
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| | Authors: Straubhaar, Joseph., Fuentes-Bautista, Martha., Abram, Daniel., McCormick, Patricia., Campbell, Consuelo. and Inagaki, Nobuya. |
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9
LATIN AMERICA
Brazil
63, 71, 81, 91, 02
Chile
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Columbia
62, 72, 82, 91, 02
Venezuela
62, 72, 82, 91, 02
NAFTA
Canada (Ang.) 62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Canada (Fr.) 62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Mexico
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
US – Hispanic 72, 82, 91, 01
EAST ASIA
China
62, 73, 82, 91, 99
Japan
62, 72, 82, 91, 99
South Korea 62, 72, 82, 91, 99
Taiwan
72, 82, 91, 99
EUROPE
France
62, 72, 82, 91, 01
Italy
62, 72, 82, 92, 99
AFRICA
Cameroon
91, 99
Nigeria
62, ,82, 91, 01
Note: despite minor variations in year, the data will be presented in this column order in the
tables.
Within a country, not all broadcasting stations are represented. First, we used one major
city in each country as a sample. Second, particularly in Latin America, some minor channels
presented non-mainstream patterns of programming, which might distort the validity of the
representation of the kinds of television people actually watch. We excluded, therefore, stations
that had under a five percent share of the audience, according to local ratings data. In Brazil, we
did validity checks comparing all stations with those who had over a five percent share. That
effectively excluded some government stations, some educational stations, and some very minor,
usually new, commercial stations, which did tend to use much more U.S. programming. We
decided, upon reflection, that inclusion of those stations would overstate the effective presence of
U.S. programming among the audience. For this very reason, some earlier research used weighted
measure audience hours to reflect media absorption more accurately, with hours being weighted by
ratings to indicate actual audience viewing habits (Antola & Rogers, 1984; Straubhaar, 1981;
1984.), but that measure was impractical in this phase of this study, since we do not have all the
ratings data for all the countries and years required. The reader may note that the trends realized
here correlate with those observed in the audience hour studies in Latin America (Antola & Rogers
1984; Straubhaar, 1981; 1984.), another indication of general validity. The U.S. Hispanic data is
based on Spanish language channel 26 in Chicago.
Television Program Flows
One of the crucial lessons from dependency theory and cultural studies has been the need
for careful, historical treatment of cultural industry developments (Sinclair, Jacka et al. 1996).
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