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Framing Public Discussion
36
Table 1. Means of Observed Expression Measures, by Frame and Group Type
Group-level Expression
Frame manipulation
N
Statement
Arguments
Valenced Statements
Count
Pro
Con
Direction
Positive
Negative
Mixed
Civil unions for gay couples
Conservative
8
21.75
3.00
5.38
-6.75
3.38
10.13
8.25
(11.27)
(2.83)
(2.67)
(5.31)
(2.13)
(4.73)
(7.70)
Heterogeneous
10
15.30
2.70
5.50
-5.70
2.90
8.60
3.80
(7.54)
(2.67)
(4.33)
(7.92)
(3.60)
(5.70)
(3.71)
Liberal
9
9.33
2.22
1.67
0.11
3.11
3.00
3.22
(5.17)
(1.39)
(1.32)
(3.10)
(2.42)
(2.06)
(2.64)
Total
27
15.22
2.63
4.19
-4.07
3.11
7.19
4.93
(9.34)
(2.31)
(3.50)
(6.44)
(2.75)
(5.30)
(5.27)
Marriage for homosexuals
Conservative
10
14.50
1.00
5.60
-6.90
1.30
8.20
5.00
(6.02)
(1.25)
(3.41)
(5.59)
(1.25)
(4.71)
(2.54)
Heterogeneous
9
14.78
2.78
3.22
-2.11
3.56
5.67
5.56
(6.85)
(2.54)
(2.44)
(4.28)
(2.07)
(4.27)
(2.55)
Liberal
8
16.00
4.38
1.38
1.25
5.25
4.00
6.75
(4.00)
(1.41)
(1.30)
(6.48)
(3.37)
(3.93)
(3.20)
Total
27
15.04
2.59
3.56
-2.89
3.22
6.11
5.70
(5.63)
(2.24)
(3.07)
(6.28)
(2.76)
(4.53)
(2.74)
Grand Total
54
15.13
2.61
3.87
-3.48
3.17
6.65
5.31
(7.64)
(2.25)
(3.27)
(6.33)
(2.73)
(4.91)
(4.18)
Notes. Table entries are means; SDs are shown in parentheses. N denotes the number of groups in that condition.
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