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Japanese directness and indirectness across situations: Focusing on refining the ingroup-outgroup distinction
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Direct Strategies 19
intimacy on strategy preference was linear for direct strategies, but curvilinear for indirect. The
curvilinear nature of the effect of intimacy can only have been noticed with a four level
categorization of the target. This shows that a mere ingroup-outgroup distinction does not
suffice in observing communication behavior of Japanese.
One major shortcoming of the study was that it had not combined the variables of target
power, and perhaps target sex with intimacy. Because of the necessity of a repeated measures
design in this type of study, however, it would be difficult to increase the number of factors taking
into account subject fatigue. As a possible future development of this study, a between subjects
design could be implemented as a compromise, such that the interaction of power, and sex with
intimacy can be examined. The highly contextual nature of Japanese communication warrants
not only a great number of situational variables, but varying levels of these factors. Studies
should concede to this fact, and devise a methodology to deal with it, lest there be misconceptions
of Japanese, and to that matter, any peoples’ communication style.
5HIHUHQFHV
Aida, Y., & Falbo, T. (1991). Relationships between marital satisfaction, resources,
and power strategies. Sex Roles, 24, 43-56.
Cousins, S.D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
Cowan, G., Drinkard, J., & MacGavin, L. (1984). The effects of target, age, and
gender on use of power strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1391-1398.
Dunn, K.F., & Cowan, G. (1993). Social influence strategies among Japanese and
American college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 39-52.
Falbo, T., Hazen, M.D., & Linimon, D. (1982). The costs of selecting power bases or
messages associated with the opposite sex. Sex Roles, 8, 147-157.
Gudykunst, W.B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S.
(1996). The influence of individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22, 51-543.
Hall, E.T. (1975). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.
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| | Authors: Takai, Jiro. and Lee, Peter. |
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Direct Strategies 19
intimacy on strategy preference was linear for direct strategies, but curvilinear for indirect. The
curvilinear nature of the effect of intimacy can only have been noticed with a four level
categorization of the target. This shows that a mere ingroup-outgroup distinction does not
suffice in observing communication behavior of Japanese.
One major shortcoming of the study was that it had not combined the variables of target
power, and perhaps target sex with intimacy. Because of the necessity of a repeated measures
design in this type of study, however, it would be difficult to increase the number of factors taking
into account subject fatigue. As a possible future development of this study, a between subjects
design could be implemented as a compromise, such that the interaction of power, and sex with
intimacy can be examined. The highly contextual nature of Japanese communication warrants
not only a great number of situational variables, but varying levels of these factors. Studies
should concede to this fact, and devise a methodology to deal with it, lest there be misconceptions
of Japanese, and to that matter, any peoples’ communication style.
5HIHUHQFHV
Aida, Y., & Falbo, T. (1991). Relationships between marital satisfaction, resources,
and power strategies. Sex Roles, 24, 43-56.
Cousins, S.D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
Cowan, G., Drinkard, J., & MacGavin, L. (1984). The effects of target, age, and
gender on use of power strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1391-1398.
Dunn, K.F., & Cowan, G. (1993). Social influence strategies among Japanese and
American college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 39-52.
Falbo, T., Hazen, M.D., & Linimon, D. (1982). The costs of selecting power bases or
messages associated with the opposite sex. Sex Roles, 8, 147-157.
Gudykunst, W.B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S., Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S.
(1996). The influence of individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on
communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, 22, 51-543.
Hall, E.T. (1975). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.
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