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democracies to possessing a more equal chance of winning elections. In theory, a citizen
to the right of the mean would have more individualized power but his or her power
would be considered more of a status, an achievement in something. To have any chance
of becoming a leader of his or her country, the individual that resides to the right of the
mean may have to support the views of the mean citizen, the majority. As Aristotle
suggested, both quality (higher level of knowledge) and quantity (being a majority in
number) would matter. The frequent movement of major political parties in industrial
democracies towards the middle of the electoral spectrum from left and right in recent
years, for instance, suggests the importance and strength of the majority citizenry at the
center (See also Downs, A., 1957). However, note that in today’s democracies, the
median citizen is far to the left from the mean. As today’s democracies develop, the
median and the mean will likely get closer and closer. It is when the mean and the
median are equal that normal democracy would be achieved (See Fig. 2 in Appendix A).
After normal democracy is achieved, it would not be necessary to continue using
income as a proxy for knowledge (and power). Although income and knowledge (and
power) will likely continue to correlate with each other, it would be the distribution of
knowledge that is likely to stay in permanent balance with the distribution of power. For
instance, society may find it necessary to redistribute income in a more efficient way if
economic conditions are temporarily dismal. In contrast, the level of knowledge could
not be increased or decreased by any political action; once normally distributed, it is
likely to remain that way. Like an object that stays at rest unless a force is exerted to it,
the normalcy of the distributions of knowledge and power will likely remain in a perfect
for instance, Herrnstein and Murry (1994) and Lynn and Vanhanen ( 2002) for an assumption that ethnicity
or race impacts intellectual differences.
Convention