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CNN's framing of September 11: Suggesting an appropriate response to terrorism
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28
ed. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., and August E. Grant (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001), 215-226.
18
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 216. For more on this concept see Paul
Messaris, Visual “Literacy”: Image, Mind and Reality (CO: Westview Press, 1994).
19
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images, 217. For more on indexicality, see
Charles Sanders Peirce, Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotics by Charles Sanders Peirce (NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991) and Paul Messaris, Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising (CA: Sage, 1997).
20
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 217.
21
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 219.
22
Maria Elizabeth Grabe, “The South African Broadcasting Corporation’s Coverage of
the 1987 and 1989 Elections: The Matter of Visual Bias,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 40 (1996): 153-179.
23
Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (NY: Macmillan, 1922).
24
Maxwell E. McCombs & Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass
Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 36 (1972): 176-187. For a detailed account of agenda-setting studies and expansion of the theory over the past three decades see Maxwell E. McCombs and Amy Reynolds, “News Influences on Our Pictures of the World,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (2
nd
Ed.), ed. Jennings
Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002).
25
Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political
Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon, 1988).
26
Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media (2
nd
Ed.) (NY: St.
Martin’s Press, 1993).
27
Parenti, Inventing Reality, 174.
28
J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power: The Media and Public Policy (2
nd
Ed.) (NY:
Longman, 1995), 144.
29
Altschull, Agents of Power, 145.
30
Robert W. McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in
Dubious Times (IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 281.
31
Grabe, “The Matter of Visual Bias,” 163.
32
Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” 52.
33
See Brooke Barnett and Maria Elizabeth Grabe, “The Impact of Slow Motion Video on
Viewer Evaluations of Television News Stories,” Visual Communication Quarterly 7(2000): 4-7. Their experiment shows that when viewers watch slow-motion video they perceive the images to be more intense.
34
CNN is owned by AOL/Time Warner.
35
Robert W. McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in
Dubious Times (IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 281.
36
Gamson, “Foreword,” x.
37
Howard Zinn, Declarations of Independence: Cross-examining American Ideology
(NY: HarperPerennial, 1990).
|
| | Authors: Reynolds, Amy. and Barnett, Brooke. |
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| |
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|
28
ed. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., and August E. Grant (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates, 2001), 215-226.
18
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 216. For more on this concept see Paul
Messaris, Visual “Literacy”: Image, Mind and Reality (CO: Westview Press, 1994).
19
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images, 217. For more on indexicality, see
Charles Sanders Peirce, Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotics by Charles Sanders
Peirce (NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991) and Paul Messaris, Visual
Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising (CA: Sage, 1997).
20
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 217.
21
Messaris and Abraham, “The Role of Images,” 219.
22
Maria Elizabeth Grabe, “The South African Broadcasting Corporation’s Coverage of
the 1987 and 1989 Elections: The Matter of Visual Bias,” Journal of Broadcasting and
Electronic Media 40 (1996): 153-179.
23
Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (NY: Macmillan, 1922).
24
Maxwell E. McCombs & Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass
Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly, 36 (1972): 176-187. For a detailed account of
agenda-setting studies and expansion of the theory over the past three decades see
Maxwell E. McCombs and Amy Reynolds, “News Influences on Our Pictures of the
World,” in Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (2
nd
Ed.), ed. Jennings
Bryant and Dolf Zillmann (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002).
25
Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political
Economy of the Mass Media (NY: Pantheon, 1988).
26
Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media (2
nd
Ed.) (NY: St.
Martin’s Press, 1993).
27
Parenti, Inventing Reality, 174.
28
J. Herbert Altschull, Agents of Power: The Media and Public Policy (2
nd
Ed.) (NY:
Longman, 1995), 144.
29
Altschull, Agents of Power, 145.
30
Robert W. McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in
Dubious Times (IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 281.
31
Grabe, “The Matter of Visual Bias,” 163.
32
Entman, “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm,” 52.
33
See Brooke Barnett and Maria Elizabeth Grabe, “The Impact of Slow Motion Video on
Viewer Evaluations of Television News Stories,” Visual Communication Quarterly 7
(2000): 4-7. Their experiment shows that when viewers watch slow-motion video they
perceive the images to be more intense.
34
CNN is owned by AOL/Time Warner.
35
Robert W. McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in
Dubious Times (IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 281.
36
Gamson, “Foreword,” x.
37
Howard Zinn, Declarations of Independence: Cross-examining American Ideology
(NY: HarperPerennial, 1990).
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