“We were able to develop our conversation from small talk” (F, same, friends). This description indicates
that the respondent perceived they communicated effectively since their communication flowed from one
topic to another.
This theme appeared across all relationships. It appeared most frequently in the interactions with
“stranger” (5) and least frequently in the interactions with “best friend” (1) and “boy/girl friend” (1). More
males (11) than females (6) defined effective communication based on the amount of communication.
Smoothness of communication was not included in the initial assumptions about Japanese
effective communication. The smooth flow of communication in Japan appears to be related to turn-
taking behavior. Yamada (1990), for example, found that Japanese "take short-turns, distribute their
turns relatively evenly, and continue to distribute their turns evenly regardless of who initiates a topic" (p.
291) in casual conversational settings. More generally, it appears that engaging in a lot of communication
and a smooth flow of communication make it possible for Japanese to manage their uncertainty, which
reduces their anxiety and stress in their interactions. As a consequence, individuals can communicate
effectively.
Theme 6: Displaying Positive Behaviors. Fifteen respondents defined effective communication as
displaying positive behaviors. There were two subthemes: displaying positive attitudes and positive
listening.
Nine respondents indicated that communication is effective when it involves displaying positive
attitudes. Positive attitudes included “respect” and “honesty.” Examples of this subtheme include: “Treat
older people with due respect” (M, opposite, old people); “Assume a humble attitude towards the person
and respect him” (M, opposite, old people); “Pay respect to the other person” (M, same, friends); and “Not
telling lies” (M, unknown, best friend).
To illustrate this subtheme, one female respondent described an interaction with a same-sex
older person: “I showed her respect when we communicated because I believe I should respect people
who are older than I am. Because of that, she respected me as well” (F, same, old people). The
respondent’s respect for the older person led her to perceive their communication as effective.
Convention