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A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relationship between Teacher Immediacy and Student Learning
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| | Unformatted Document Text:
Immediacy and Learning Meta-Analysis 37
Table 1 Descriptors and Effects for Included Studies (k = 81, N = 24,474)
1
Author(s)
Year
N
Nonverbal
Immediacy
__________
Verbal
Immediacy
__________
Only
Combined
Immediacy
__________
Typesof
Learning
Measured
2
r
r’
r r’
r
r’
Adkins
1998
169 -.040 -.050 -.040 -.050 .
.
CL
.150 .181 .340 .404 .
.
AL
Allen & Shaw
1990
100 .369
.399
.
.
.
.
PL
.482 .516 .
.
.
.
AL
Andersen
1979
238 .000
.000
.
.
.
.
CL
.415 .452 .
.
.
.
AL
Baker
2001
145 .
.
.540
.676
.
.
PL
.
.
.730 .871 .
.
AL
Booth-Butterfield et al.
1992
123 .
.
.
.
.600
.635
AL
Burks
1998
482 .420
.499
.
.
.
.
AL
Burroughs
1990
564 .390
.566
.
.
.
.
PL
.490 .557 .
.
.
.
AL
Butland & Beebe
1992
606 .370
.520
.405
.539
.
.
PL
.450 .501 .530 .558 .
.
AL
Chesebro & McCroskey
2001
360 .470
.654
.
.
.
.
PL
.570 .637 .
.
.
.
AL
Christensen & Menzel
1998
115 .330
.499
.470
.654
.
.
PL
.380 .471 .400 .457 .
.
AL
Christophel Study 1
1990
562 .450
.638
.380
.523
.
.
PL
.510 .568 .500 .541 .
.
AL
Christophel Study 2
1990
624 .505
.729
.375
.513
.
.
PL
.520 .587 .420 .450 .
.
AL
Comstock et al.
1995
259 .200
.222
.
.
.
.
CL
.130 .138 .
.
.
.
AL
Farren
1992
890 .
.
.
.
.215
.298
PL
.
.
.
.
.320 .356
AL
Folwell
1995
392 .100
.143
.
.
.
.
PL
.390 .452 .
.
.
.
AL
Frymier
1994
178 .220
.314
.340
.471
.
.
PL
.310 .348 .420 .457 .
.
AL
Frymier & Houser
1998
190 .260
.315
.
.
.
.
CL
.460 .558 .
.
.
.
AL
Frymier & Houser Study 2
2000
257 .320
.376
.450
.529
.
.
PL
.580 .642 .600 .664 .
.
AL
Frymier & Schulman
1994
470 .280
.352
.430
.525
.
.
PL
Garard
1998
96 .
.
.
.
.300
.433
PL
.
.
.
.
.380 .438
AL
Gorham
1988
387 .475
.669
.410
.546
.
.
PL
.590 .650 .510 .531 .
.
AL
Gorham et al.
1997
317 .390
.559
.
.
.
.
PL
.000 .000 .
.
.
.
AL
Gorham et al.
1999
141 .250
.348
.
.
.
.
PL
Gorham & Christophel
1990
206 .440
.631
.425
.566
.
.
PL
.540 .626 .500 .538 .
.
AL
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| | Authors: Witt, Paul., Wheeless, Lawrence. and Allen, Mike. |
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Immediacy and Learning Meta-Analysis 37
Table 1
Descriptors and Effects for Included Studies (k = 81, N = 24,474)
1
Author(s)
Year
N
Nonverbal
Immediacy
__________
Verbal
Immediacy
__________
Only
Combined
Immediacy
__________
Typesof
Learning
Measured
2
r
r’
r r’
r
r’
Adkins
1998
169 -.040 -.050 -.040 -.050 .
.
CL
.150 .181 .340 .404 .
.
AL
Allen & Shaw
1990
100 .369
.399
.
.
.
.
PL
.482 .516 .
.
.
.
AL
Andersen
1979
238 .000
.000
.
.
.
.
CL
.415 .452 .
.
.
.
AL
Baker
2001
145 .
.
.540
.676
.
.
PL
.
.
.730 .871 .
.
AL
Booth-Butterfield et al.
1992
123 .
.
.
.
.600
.635
AL
Burks
1998
482 .420
.499
.
.
.
.
AL
Burroughs
1990
564 .390
.566
.
.
.
.
PL
.490 .557 .
.
.
.
AL
Butland & Beebe
1992
606 .370
.520
.405
.539
.
.
PL
.450 .501 .530 .558 .
.
AL
Chesebro & McCroskey
2001
360 .470
.654
.
.
.
.
PL
.570 .637 .
.
.
.
AL
Christensen & Menzel
1998
115 .330
.499
.470
.654
.
.
PL
.380 .471 .400 .457 .
.
AL
Christophel Study 1
1990
562 .450
.638
.380
.523
.
.
PL
.510 .568 .500 .541 .
.
AL
Christophel Study 2
1990
624 .505
.729
.375
.513
.
.
PL
.520 .587 .420 .450 .
.
AL
Comstock et al.
1995
259 .200
.222
.
.
.
.
CL
.130 .138 .
.
.
.
AL
Farren
1992
890 .
.
.
.
.215
.298
PL
.
.
.
.
.320 .356
AL
Folwell
1995
392 .100
.143
.
.
.
.
PL
.390 .452 .
.
.
.
AL
Frymier
1994
178 .220
.314
.340
.471
.
.
PL
.310 .348 .420 .457 .
.
AL
Frymier & Houser
1998
190 .260
.315
.
.
.
.
CL
.460 .558 .
.
.
.
AL
Frymier & Houser Study 2
2000
257 .320
.376
.450
.529
.
.
PL
.580 .642 .600 .664 .
.
AL
Frymier & Schulman
1994
470 .280
.352
.430
.525
.
.
PL
Garard
1998
96 .
.
.
.
.300
.433
PL
.
.
.
.
.380 .438
AL
Gorham
1988
387 .475
.669
.410
.546
.
.
PL
.590 .650 .510 .531 .
.
AL
Gorham et al.
1997
317 .390
.559
.
.
.
.
PL
.000 .000 .
.
.
.
AL
Gorham et al.
1999
141 .250
.348
.
.
.
.
PL
Gorham & Christophel
1990
206 .440
.631
.425
.566
.
.
PL
.540 .626 .500 .538 .
.
AL
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