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Radio Sawa: The Creation of a New U.S. Government Arabic Service
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Notes
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Left blank so that author could not be identified.
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With the exception on Lebanon, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, radio services in the Arab
world are operated by governments. Saudi Arabia rebroadcasts the radio service of the Middle East Broadcasting Centre (MBC) from London via FM in urban areas.
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Left blank so that author could not be identified.
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The BBC Omani-based transmitters are being phased out and new ones are being built on the
Omani mainland by Merlin Communications, the private British company that purchased the privatized BBC transmitters.
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FM and television signals in the Arabian Gulf travel unusually long distances because of over-the-
horizon propagation or tunneling, a phenomenon that allows normally line-of-sight signals to travel long distances over saltwater during hot, humid summer months. Thus, FM stations near the Gulf travel longer distances, and reach more listeners, than those in cooler locations in the West.
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Notes
1
Left blank so that author could not be identified.
2
With the exception on Lebanon, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, radio services in the Arab
world are operated by governments. Saudi Arabia rebroadcasts the radio service of the Middle East
Broadcasting Centre (MBC) from London via FM in urban areas.
3
Left blank so that author could not be identified.
4
The BBC Omani-based transmitters are being phased out and new ones are being built on the
Omani mainland by Merlin Communications, the private British company that purchased the
privatized BBC transmitters.
5
FM and television signals in the Arabian Gulf travel unusually long distances because of over-the-
horizon propagation or tunneling, a phenomenon that allows normally line-of-sight signals to travel
long distances over saltwater during hot, humid summer months. Thus, FM stations near the Gulf
travel longer distances, and reach more listeners, than those in cooler locations in the West.
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