must have; the test identifies the implications of willing the necessary conditions of autonomy as ends of reason. Duties
under the CW test are, therefore, wide duties (to ground one's actions in a manner consistent with the pursuit of an end)
(G 424).
19
References to and citations of Kant’s work are given parenthetically in the text using the following abbreviations and
citing the page numbers of the relevant volume of Kants gesammelte Schriften (published by the Preussische Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Berlin). Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals (G) (1785); The Doctrine of Virtue (Tugendlehre)
(DV) (1797).
20
See Allen Wood, “The supreme principle of morality,” in P. Guyer, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Kant and
Modern Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 348-61, for a helpful discussion of the relations
among Kant’s formulations of the categorical imperative.
21
See Alexander Kaufman, Welfare in the Kantian State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) for an account of
political judgment in Kant’s later political writings.
22
Krasnoff, “How Kantian is Constructivism?” p. 401.
23
Onora O’Neill, Constructions of Reason (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 105-125.
24
O’Neill, Constructions of Reason, p. 109.
25
O’Neill, Constructions of Reason, pp. 112-13.
26
."No longer are these notions purely transcendent and lacking explicable connections with human conduct" (TJ 226).
27
Krasnoff, “How Kantian is Constructivism?” p. 401.
28
."[T]he original position is not to be thought of as a general assembly....It is not a gathering of actual or possible
persons....one can at any time adopt its perspective. It must make no difference when one takes up this viewpoint, or who
does so" (TJ 120, my emphasis).
29
Herman, “Justification and Objectivity,” pp. 138-39.
30
Herman, “Justification and Objectivity,” p. 139.
Convention