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On the Passions and Virtue: Rethinking Smith on the Individual

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Liberalism is often criticized for championing a thin theory human nature. Seeking a common ground from which to think about such issues as individual rights and autonomy, rule of law, constitutionalism, limited government, free markets, and toleration, liberals often ground their theory in a minimalist set of assumptions about human nature. Although a thin theory of human nature may lie at the heart of much liberal theory, a few prominent theorists in the liberal tradition reject a thin theory of human nature, offering in its place a robust or thick theory of the individual as the foundation for understanding how people relate together in society and for thinking about politics. Thick theories focus on the particularism and complexity that define individuals and their relationships to others in political society. Their understanding and defense of liberal institutions and values are derived directly from these thick theories of the nature of the individual in society. Such is the case of Adam Smith.

In this paper I will explore the view of human nature that emerges from Smith’s theory of moral judgment. I focus on Part VI of The Theory of Moral Sentiments because it contains some Smith’s deepest insights into human nature and is where he presents his thick theory of the individual in its most straightforward fashion. The title of Part VI of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, “Of the Character of Virtue,” is a little misleading. Given the title, one might expect an analysis of the nature of virtue or an account of the various virtues that are found in the world. But Smith’s purpose in Part VI goes beyond this. He discusses the factors that make up the character of individuals and the processes by which individuals in society are naturally driven to virtue. Virtue is not limited to one or two traits dominating an individual’s character, but naturally evolves from the complex web of forces that make up an individual and compel him or her to act in the world. An analysis of virtue demands an understanding of these forces as well as an explanation of how these forces are socialized through the moral sentiments.

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smith (207), individu (169), desir (87), part (83), benevol (79), natur (79), self (79), moral (77), theori (71), one (71), virtu (70), societi (70), command (63), passion (62), sentiment (59), tms (51), upon (49), self-command (48), other (47), prudenc (47), discuss (45),

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Adam Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, Liberalism, Virtue, human nature, benevolence, prudence, justice, self-command
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Harpham, Edward. "On the Passions and Virtue: Rethinking Smith on the Individual" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, and the Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 31, 2006 <Not Available>. 2011-03-13 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p150536_index.html>

APA Citation:

Harpham, E. J. , 2006-08-31 "On the Passions and Virtue: Rethinking Smith on the Individual" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, and the Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA Online <PDF>. 2011-03-13 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p150536_index.html

Publication Type: Proceeding
Abstract: Liberalism is often criticized for championing a thin theory human nature. Seeking a common ground from which to think about such issues as individual rights and autonomy, rule of law, constitutionalism, limited government, free markets, and toleration, liberals often ground their theory in a minimalist set of assumptions about human nature. Although a thin theory of human nature may lie at the heart of much liberal theory, a few prominent theorists in the liberal tradition reject a thin theory of human nature, offering in its place a robust or thick theory of the individual as the foundation for understanding how people relate together in society and for thinking about politics. Thick theories focus on the particularism and complexity that define individuals and their relationships to others in political society. Their understanding and defense of liberal institutions and values are derived directly from these thick theories of the nature of the individual in society. Such is the case of Adam Smith.

In this paper I will explore the view of human nature that emerges from Smith’s theory of moral judgment. I focus on Part VI of The Theory of Moral Sentiments because it contains some Smith’s deepest insights into human nature and is where he presents his thick theory of the individual in its most straightforward fashion. The title of Part VI of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, “Of the Character of Virtue,” is a little misleading. Given the title, one might expect an analysis of the nature of virtue or an account of the various virtues that are found in the world. But Smith’s purpose in Part VI goes beyond this. He discusses the factors that make up the character of individuals and the processes by which individuals in society are naturally driven to virtue. Virtue is not limited to one or two traits dominating an individual’s character, but naturally evolves from the complex web of forces that make up an individual and compel him or her to act in the world. An analysis of virtue demands an understanding of these forces as well as an explanation of how these forces are socialized through the moral sentiments.

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Document Type: PDF
Page count: 42
Word count: 14359
Text sample:
On the Passions and Virtue: Rethinking Smith on the Individual By Edward J. Harpham Professor of Government and Political Science The University of Texas at Dallas Box 830688 Richardson Texas 75083-0688 harpham@utdallas www.utdallas.edu/~harpham Paper prepared for delivery at the 2006 Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association. Philadelphia Pa. August 2006. 2 Introduction Liberalism is often criticized for championing a thin theory human nature (see Sandel: 1982; Walzer: 1994). Seeking a common ground from which to think about
and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schumpeter Joseph A. 1954. A History of Economic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Smith Adam. 1981. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2 vols. General Editors R. H. Campbell and A.S. Skinner. Textual Editor W.B. Todd. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. Smith Adam. 1982. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edited by D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. Walzer Michael. 1994. Thick and Thin: Moral


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