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On Power and Violence: Arendt contra Fanon

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The aim of this paper is to address the question of how to theorize the relation between violence and politics. According to some strands of thought, such as those associated with Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Weber, politics is about power and power relies on violence as its key instrument. Another tradition of thinking about violence and politics, associated with Sorel, Sartre and Fanon, focuses on the existential significance of violence for both oppressors and oppressed, but also the necessary, instrumental role of violence in revolutionary movements. Yet another distinct strand of thought holds that violence and politics are antithetical to one another. This strand is articulated and promoted most clearly by Arendt, who famously defines violence in anti‐political terms. In this paper we consider Arendts theory of violence and politics in particular comparison with Fanons.

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violenc (169), polit (104), arendt (67), fanon (47), power (44), action (24), instrument (23), argument (22), human (22), work (20), mean (20), use (19), end (19), also (16), way (16), peopl (14), sens (14), howev (14), argu (13), one (13), tradit (13),
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Frazer, Elizabeth. and Hutchings, Kimberly. "On Power and Violence: Arendt contra Fanon" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, and the Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 31, 2006 <Not Available>. 2011-03-13 <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p150589_index.html>

APA Citation:

Frazer, E. and Hutchings, K. J. , 2006-08-31 "On Power and Violence: Arendt contra Fanon" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Marriott, Loews Philadelphia, and the Pennsylvania Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2011-03-13 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p150589_index.html

Publication Type: Proceeding
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to address the question of how to theorize the relation between violence and politics. According to some strands of thought, such as those associated with Machiavelli, Hobbes, and Weber, politics is about power and power relies on violence as its key instrument. Another tradition of thinking about violence and politics, associated with Sorel, Sartre and Fanon, focuses on the existential significance of violence for both oppressors and oppressed, but also the necessary, instrumental role of violence in revolutionary movements. Yet another distinct strand of thought holds that violence and politics are antithetical to one another. This strand is articulated and promoted most clearly by Arendt, who famously defines violence in anti‐political terms. In this paper we consider Arendts theory of violence and politics in particular comparison with Fanons.

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Page count: 13
Word count: 380
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1 On Power and Violence: Arendt contra Fanon    Elizabeth Frazer (New College  Oxford) and Kimberly Hutchings (London School of Economics)    APSA Conference Panel   ‘Power  Violence and the Body’      Philadelphia  31 August – 3rd September 2006    Please do not cite without permission        Introduction    The aim of this paper is to address the question of how to theorize the relation between violence  and politics.  According to some strands of thought  such as those associated with Machiavelli  Hobbes   and Weber  politics is about power and power relies on violence as its key instrument.   Another  tradition of thinking about violence and politics  associated with Sorel  Sartre and Fanon  focuses on the  existential significance of violence for both oppressors and oppressed  but also the necessary   instrumental role of violence in revolutionary movements.  Yet another distinct strand of thought holds  that violence and politics are antithetical to one another.  This strand is articulated and promoted most  clearly by Arendt  who famously defines violence in anti‐political terms.  In this paper we consider  Arendt’s theory of violence and politics in particular comparison with Fanon’s.    In her essay On Violence  Arendt explicitly engages with Fanon’s work and the broader tradition  with which she identifies it. We will argue that Arendt’s critique of Fanon offers significant insights into  problems both with instrumental justifications of violence and with the identification of violence with  organic  libidinal energy. At the same time  however  we suggest that Arendt’s analysis is only partially  persuasive and that this is because she insists on viewing violence as a tool in distinction from the  embodied subjects that suffer or wield it. In contrast  Fanon has a much better grasp of how violence  operates in politics not simply as a tool but also as an institutionalised source of meaning and mode of  discourse in which embodied subjects are always already embedded. At stake for both Fanon’s and  Arendt’s analysis is the possibility of a politics without violence. In spite of this  however  we conclude  that neither Fanon nor Arendt engages sufficiently with the presuppositions of violence as a political  technique and how they might be challenged and transformed.   2 Fanon    In Fanon’s theory there are two kinds of ‘politics’ – one is vividly drawn and overwhelmingly  condemned; the other is more vaguely delineated.  The first is the corrupt party politics of emerging  elites; the second is the virtuous politics of the people.  In the struggle for freedom  at the inception of  decolonisation  political parties will emerge as intellectual and commercial elites among the colonised  people see new opportunities and attempt to formulate new aims.  Political parties are based on the  interests of people who have been aligned with  because they have done jobs necessary to  the colonial  system.  Hence  the political parties are alienated from and distrustful of the rural people  and conflict  arises between these new would be leaders and dominators  and traditional authorities. [Fanon 2001: 86‐ 91] There will be conflicts between trades unionists and the national middle class; intellectuals will come  into conflict with the party machine.[97‐99]  Political leaders cannot maintain their moral authority in the  face of economic failure and depredations by capitalists whether domestic or foreign; so leadership turns 
t violence is sometimes the only way in which justice can be done. If this  is so  then it suggests that the conditions of possibility of violence must remain in place  and we must  continue to invest massively in reproducing our capability to engage in violence as a political technique   even though we know that it cannot work  however noble the end that it serves.   References  Hannah Arendt (1959) The Human Condition  Chicago: Chicago University Press.  Hannah Arendt (1973) ‘On Violence’ in Crises of the Republic  Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.  Frantz Fanon (2001) The Wretched of the Earth Preface by J‐P Sartre  trans. Constance Farrington  London:  Penguin Books.   


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