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Parties and Patronage: A Comparative Analysis of the Indian Case
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Abstract
What political factors influence the allocation of economic patronage in democracies? Answering this question is vital to improving our knowledge of how states and markets interact. In this paper, I argue that changing levels of party centralization can drive important changes in the allocation of state largess. When governing parties are centralized, national party leaders will control sources of patronage, targeting benefits to particularly influential regions and industries. By contrast, when governing parties are decentralized, influential sub-national party leaders will advocate for their constituents, allocating patronage evenly through a national logroll. I find evidence for these relationships by comparing India’s distribution process for industrial licenses and government finance under a decentralized Congress Party (1954-61) to its distribution process under a centralized Congress Party (1969-75).
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Megan Baker-Morin, Richard Doner, John Duffield, Bala Prasad Erramilli, Jeffrey Hart, Rahul Mukherji, Rashid Naim, Eric Reinhardt, Thomas Remington, and Shyam Sriram for helpful discussions and comments on drafts of the paper. I would also like to thank the American Institute for Indian Studies and all of those in India and the United States who took time to speak with me about the project. Any errors are mine. Field work for this study was supported by the Emory University Fund for Internationalization and the Emory University Department of Political Science.
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| | Authors: Hankla, Charles. |
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Abstract
What political factors influence the allocation of economic patronage in democracies?
Answering this question is vital to improving our knowledge of how states and markets
interact. In this paper, I argue that changing levels of party centralization can drive
important changes in the allocation of state largess. When governing parties are
centralized, national party leaders will control sources of patronage, targeting benefits to
particularly influential regions and industries. By contrast, when governing parties are
decentralized, influential sub-national party leaders will advocate for their constituents,
allocating patronage evenly through a national logroll. I find evidence for these
relationships by comparing India’s distribution process for industrial licenses and
government finance under a decentralized Congress Party (1954-61) to its distribution
process under a centralized Congress Party (1969-75).
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Megan Baker-Morin, Richard Doner, John Duffield, Bala Prasad
Erramilli, Jeffrey Hart, Rahul Mukherji, Rashid Naim, Eric Reinhardt, Thomas
Remington, and Shyam Sriram for helpful discussions and comments on drafts of the
paper. I would also like to thank the American Institute for Indian Studies and all of
those in India and the United States who took time to speak with me about the project.
Any errors are mine. Field work for this study was supported by the Emory University
Fund for Internationalization and the Emory University Department of Political Science.
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